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A Brief Introduction
Epidemiology - definition
epi
epidermis:
demo
demographics
ology
means study of
Literally
man
Epidemiology - definition
Some
History
History
History
When
History
In
History
The
History
John
History
Dr.
History
He
History
Map
of
Cholera
outbreaks in
London
History
His findings were published in 1850, but his work was ill received by
his colleagues, who discontinued the procedure.
Disinfection did not become widely practiced until British surgeon
Joseph Lister 'discovered' antiseptics in 1865 in light of the work of
Louis Pasteur.
Purposes of Epidemiology
To explain
Terms to know
Terms to know
Infective
Invasiveness
Terms to know
Etiology
Antibiotics
a substance produced by or a
semisynthetic substance derived from a
microorganism and able in dilute solution to
inhibit or kill another microorganism
Terms to know
endemic:
Terms to know
epidemic:
Terms to know
prevalence:
7 Uses of Epidemiology
1. To study the history of the disease
What are the risk factors, problems, behaviors that affect groups
How well do public health and health services meet the problems
and needs of the population
7 Uses of Epidemiology
5. Completing the clinical picture
Identification and diagnostic process to establish that a
condition exists or that a person has a specific disease
Cause effect relationships are determined, e.g. strep
throat can cause rheumatic fever
6. Identification of syndromes
Help to establish and set criteria to define syndromes,
some examples are: Down, fetal alcohol, sudden
death in infants, etc.
7. Determine the causes and sources of diseases
Findings allow for control prevention, and elimination
of the causes of disease, conditions, injury, disability,
or death
Time
The
Time
Disease Transmission
Disease Transmission
Some carriers may be infected and not be sick. e.g. Typhoid Mary
Mary Mallon (1869 1938) was the first person in the United
States to be identified as a healthy carrier of typhoid fever. Over the
course of her career as a cook, she infected 47 people, three of
whom died from the disease.
Her notoriety is in part due to her vehement denial of her own role
in spreading the disease, together with her refusal to cease
working as a cook.
She was forcibly quarantined twice by public health authorities and
died in quarantine. It is possible that she was born with the
disease, as her mother had typhoid fever during her pregnancy.
Disease Transmission
Active
Disease Transmission
Incubatory
of disease transmission
Two
general modes
direct
indirect
Direct
Indirect
transmission
Indirect transmission
Airborne
Droplets or dust particles carry the pathogen to the host and
infect it
Sneezing, coughing, talking all spray microscopic droplets in the
air
Waterborne
Carried in drinking water, swimming pool, streams or lakes used
for swimming. Examples: cholera
Vehicleborne
Related to fomites
Vectorborne
A pathogen uses a host (fly, flea, louse, or rat) as a mechanism
for a ride or nourishment this is mechanical transmission
biological transmission when the pathogen undergoes changes
as part of its life cycle, while within the host/vector and before
being transmitted to the new host
Chain of Transmission
Close
Source /
Reservoir
Mode of
transmission
Host
Continuous epidemic
Levels of Disease
Diseases have a range of seriousness, effect, duration,
severity, and extent
Classified into 3 levels
Acute relatively severe, of short duration and often
treatable
Patient may not fully recover and the disease can get worse
overtime
Life not immediately threatened, but may be over long term
History
Before polio vaccine became available in 1955,
58,000 cases of polio occurred in peak years. of
these cases resulted in permanent paralysis
Prior to measles vaccine in 1963, 4,000,000 cases
per year
Immunization of 60 million children from 19631972 cost $180 million, but saved $1.3 billion
Mumps used to be the leading cause of child
deafness
10% of children with diphtheria died
can also come from the introduction of already produced antibodies into
a susceptible case
Immunity
When
there is
little to no
immunity within
a population, the
disease spreads
quickly
Immunity
Herd Immunity
the resistance a
population or
group (herd)
has to the
invasion and
spread of an
infectious
disease
Antrhax
Chicken pox
Cholera
Diphtheria
German measles (rubella)
Hepatitis A & B
Influenza
Malaria (in process)
Measles
Menigitis
Mumps
Plague
Pneumonia
Polio
Rabies
Small pox
Spotted fever
Tetanus
Tuberculosis
Typhoid Fever
Typhus
Whooping Cough
Yellow Fever