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FEM Discretization of
2D Elasticity
Reading assignment:
Lecture notes
Summary:
FEM Formulation of 2D elasticity (plane stress/strain)
Displacement approximation
Strain and stress approximation
Derivation of element stiffness matrix and nodal load vector
Assembling the global stiffness matrix
Application of boundary conditions
Physical interpretation of the stiffness matrix
Recap: 2D Elasticity
Volume
element dV
Xb dV
Xa dV
v
y
py
px
Volume (V)
u
ST
x
Su
x
Example
2
1
2
4
For the square block shown above, determine u and v for the
following displacements
Case 2: Pure shear
y
y
Case 1: Stretch
1/2
4
2
1
x
Solution
Case 1: Stretch
ux
y
v
2
Check that the new coordinates (in the deformed configuration)
x' x u 2x
y
y yv
2
Case 2: Pure shear
'
u y/4
v0
Recap: 2D Elasticity
Displacement field u u ( x, y )
Strain - Displacement Relation u
Stress - Strain Law D Du
x
y
xy
y
xy
u (x, y)
u
v (x, y)
y x
For plane stress
For plane strain
(3 nonzero stress components) (3 nonzero strain components)
0
1
0
E
E
D
1
0
1
0
1 1 2
1 2
1 2
1
0
0
0
0
Strong formulation
Equilibrium equations
X 0 in V
T
Boundary conditions
1. Displacement boundary conditions: Displacements are specified
on portion Su of the boundary
uu
specified
on S u
Volume
element dV
Xb dV
Xa dV
v
y
Volume (V)
u
ST
x
Su
x
U
1
T
dV
2 V
W u X dV u T S dS
T
ST
py
px
y
2 V
xy
y dV
xy
1
x x y y xy xy dV
V
2
v4
2
v2
Element e
v
1
4
u
u4
ST
v1
2 u2
y
d
x
y
Su
u1
v
x
x
u1
v1
u2
v2
u3
v3
u4
v
4
e
e
v3
(x3,y3) 3
v4
v2
u (x, y)
u
v (x, y)
(x4,y4)
Nodal displacement vector
4
u4
u1
u
v
2
v1
2
v where
u
(x
,y
)
1 u1=u(x1,y1)
2
2
y
u2
v1=v(x1,y1)
u
1
1 (x1,y1)
v 2 etc
d
x
u
3
v3
u4
v
4
u3
Recall
Strain - Displacement Relation u
Stress - Strain Law D Du
x
y
xy
y
xy
If we knew u then we could compute the strains and stresses within the
element. But I DO NOT KNOW u!!
Hence we need to approximate u first (using shape functions) and
then obtain the approximations for and (recall the case of a 1D bar)
This is accomplished in the following 3 Tasks in the next slide
uNd
TASK 2: APPROXIMATE THE STRAIN and STRESS WITHIN
EACH ELEMENT
Strain approximation
Bd
Stress approximation
DB d
y
u1
v
u
0
N1
N2
0
0
N2
N3
0
0
N3
N4
0
0
N 4
v2
u3
v3
uNd
u4
v
4
u1
u2
u3
u4
x
x
x
x
x
N 3 (x, y)
N 2 (x, y)
N 4 (x, y)
v (x, y) N 1(x, y)
y
v1
v2
v3
v4
y
y
y
y
y
N1(x, y)
u (x, y) v (x, y) N1(x, y)
xy
u1
v1 ......
y
x
y
x
y
xy
N 1(x, y)
N 2 (x, y)
x
N 3 (x, y)
x
N 4 (x, y)
x
u1
v
1
u2
N
(x,
y)
N
(x,
y)
N
(x,
y)
N
(x,
y)
3
1
2
4
v2
0
0
0
0
y
y
y
y u 3
N (x, y) N (x, y) N (x, y)
N 2 (x, y) N 3 (x, y) N 3 (x, y) N 4 (x, y) N 4 (x, y) v
1
1
2
3
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x u
4
B
v
4
Bd
D B
uNd
e (d )
Bd
DB d
1
T
T
T
D
B
d
B
d
dV
N
d
X
dV
N
d
T S dS
e
e
e
V
V
S
T
2
Rearranging
1 T
T
T
T
T
T
e (d ) d e B D B dV d d e N X dV d e N T S dS
ST
2 V
1 T
T
T
T
T
d e B D B dV d d e N X dV e N T S dS
V ST
2 V
k
1 T
T
d k dd f
2
From the Principle of Minimum Potential Energy
e (d )
e (d )
k d f 0
d
kd f
k e B D B dV
T
Question: If there are n nodes per element, then what is the size of
the stiffness matrix of that element?
Element nodal load vector
f e N X dV e N T S dS
V
ST
T
STe
e
k e t B D B dA
T
dV=tdA
t
k e B D B dV
T
v3
u4
u3
u1
v
y
v1 (x,y)
N1 (x,y)
v2
1 u1
u2
N1 (x,y)
v1
0
N1 (x,y)
y
N 1 (x,y)
x
u2
v2
N 2 (x,y)
x
0
N 2 (x,y)
y
N 2 (x,y)
y
N 2 (x,y)
x
u3
N 3 (x,y)
x
0
N 3 (x,y)
y
N1 (x,y)
N1 (x,y)
B u1
0 ; B v1
; and so on...
y
N (x,y)
N
(x,y)
1
y
v3
0
N 3 (x,y)
y
N 3 (x,y)
x
u4
v4
N 4 (x,y)
x
0
N 4 (x,y)
y
N 4 (x,y)
y
N 4 (x,y)
x
k e B D B dV
T
u1
v1
u2
v2
u3
v3
u4
v4
k18
u1
v1
k11
k
21
k12
k13
k14
k15
k16
k17
k 22
k 23
k 24
k 25
k 26
k27
k28
k31
k 32
k 33
k34
k 35
k 36
k 37
k 38
k
k 41
k51
k61
k
71
k81
k 42
k 43
k 44
k 45
k 46
k47
k52
k 62
k53
k 63
k54
k64
k55
k 65
k56
k 66
k57
k 67
k 72
k 73
k74
k 75
k 76
k 77
k82
k83
k84
k85
k86
k87
k48
k58
k 68
k 78
k88
u2
v2
u3
v3
u4
v4
k11 e Bu1 D Bu1 dV; k12 e Bu1 D Bv1 dV; k13 e Bu1 D Bu2 dV,...
T
v1
v4
1
v2
u1
u4
Element #2
u2
2
v
u
u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3
u1
v1
u
2
(1)
v2
u
3
v3
( 2)
k
u2
v2
u3
v3
u4
v4
(1)
u1
v1
u2
v2
u3
v3
u4
v4
8 8
( 2)
u1
v2
v3
3
u2
2
x
k11
k
21
k 31
k 41
k 51
u3
k12
k 22
k 32
k 42
k 52
k13
k 23
k 33
k 43
k 53
k14
k 24
k 34
k 44
k 54
k15
k 25
k 35
k 45
k 55
k 61 k 62 k 63 k 64 k 65
u 1 f1x
v f
1 1y
u 2 f 2x
v 2 f 2y
u 3 f 3x
k 66 v 3 f 3y
k16
k 26
k 36
k 46
k 56
k11
k
21
f1x
f
1y
f 2x
k 31
k 41 f 2y
k 51 f 3x
k 61 f 3y
u1=1
y
2
x
k i1
k i 2 k i 3 k i 4 k i 5 k i 6 d f ix
ST e
N T S dS
Example
y
1
b
b
2
3
y (b y )
b2 y2
y (b y )
N1
; N2
; N3
2
2
2b
b
2b 2
N1
N2
N3
y (b y )
pb
F1x p N1dy p
dy
2
b
b
3
2b
b
b
b2 y2
4 pb
F2 x p N 2 dy p
dy
2
b
b
3
b
b
b
y (b y )
pb
F3 x p N 3 dy p
dy
2
b
b
3
2b
b
b
b
pb/3
4pb/3
pb/3
pb
F1x
2
F2 x pb
pb
F3 x
2
b
b
pb/2
pb
pb/2
uNd
Strain approximation in terms of strain-displacement matrix
Bd
Stress approximation
DB d
Element stiffness matrix
k e B D B dV
T