HVDC Control

HVDC
CONTROL
HVDC Control & Protection
Control & Monitoring

2 sec. response time
HMI
LAN: 100 Mbit/ sec

C&P System
C&P System
Open Loop Control

Closed Loop Control
Protection
Sampling Times
50 s 100 s
Field Bus: FO,
Profibus DP
I/O Unit
I/O Unit
I/O Unit
I/O Unit
Valves, AC Yard,
DC Yard, app.
12.000 event
signals
Operator
Control
Level
HMI System
General Screen
Display
Structure
Switching Devices Control Flow Diagram

O p e ra to r
W o r k s ta tio n s
M im ic B o a r d
O p e ra to r
C o n tro l
R CI
o r d e r p r o c e s s in g
D C S t a t io n C o n t r o l
S IM A T IC S 5
&
>=1
I/ O U n it S U 2 0 0
In t e r lo c k in g
P ro c e s s :
D C S w it c h in g
D e v ic e
Load
D is p a tc h C e n te r
r e le a s e
R e m o t e S t a t io n
O p e r a t o r W o r k s t a t io n s
Local Area Network (LAN)

Communication and data exchange between all control and protection
components connected to the LAN
Initiation and Monitoring System
MMIC Board
Remote Control Interface
Master Clock System
AC and DC Station Control
Pole Control
Printers
Topology is a Star Configuration
Redundant Configuration (LAN1 and LAN2)
LAN1 is the preferred system; LAN2 is active only in case of faults on LAN1
communication automatically returns to the LAN1 after clearing the fault
Pole Control Field Bus

Configuration
Pole 1 Control
System 1
System 2
IF
Repeater
IF
Field Bus interface module
IF
Repeater
Repeater
Bus Connector with terminating

resistors and diagnostic interface
Repeater
Bus Connector without

terminating resistors
only one (1) Pole
SIMADYN D
DC Protection
System 2
DC Protection
System 1
DC Filter
Protection 2
SIMADYN D ATR
ATR
DC Filter
Protection 1
SU200
SU200
Transformer
Phase 1
Transformer
Phase 2
SU200
SU200
DC Yard
1
DC Yard
2
SU200
SU200
ATR
ATR
Transformer Spare Transformer *

Phase 3
/ AC Feeder
Repeater
double-shielded electrical cable
ATR Active terminating resistor
SIMADYN D
Repeater
Bus Connector with

terminating resistors
fibre optic
SIMADYN D
OLM
OLM
SU200
Valve
Cooling
SU200
SU200
Valve
Base
Electronic
Valve
Hall
ATR
ATR

What are the basic
control principles
for HVDC Systems?
HVDC Control
What are the basic principles of HVDC Controls?
Id
U1
AC System A
Simplified HVDC System diagram
U2
AC System B
HVDC Control
Id
U1
AC System A
U2
AC System B
HVDC Control
Id
U1
U2
U1
U2
Power Direction
U1
Change of Power Direction
U2
Id in one direction only

Magnitude of Id or power
is
controlled
depending on
the
difference in the
terminal voltages (U1, U2)
Direction of power is
controlled depending on
the
polarity of the
terminal
voltages (U1,
U 2)

Tap Changer
Control
Sending End
Receiving End
U2
U1
I
ACF
capacitors
Converter
Control
Rectifier
Converter
Control
Inverter
Id-Control
Ud-Control
ACF
Reactive
Power Control
(AC Voltage
Limitation
Control)
Id: DC Current
Ud: DC Voltage
ACF
capacitors
ACF
Reactive
Power Control
(AC Voltage
Limitation
Control)
AC System A
Converter Control
Tap Changer
Control
AC System B
Reactive Power Control
ACF: AC Filter
Tap Changer Control
Principles of HVDC Controls

Control of DC Voltage
Rectifier Operation
A C S y s te m
P o w e r F lo w
Inverter Operation
D C S y s te m
A C S y s te m
D C S y s te m
P o w e r F lo w
Id
V 1
V 3
Id
V 5
V 1
P hase A
V 3
V 5
P hase A
Phase B
Phase B
Phase C
Phase C
V 4
V 6
V 2
V 4
V 6
V 2
+Ud
R e c tifie r
O p e r a tio n
160
0
5
-U d
30
60
90
120
150
In v e r te r
O p e r a tio n
180

Relationship of DC Voltage Ud and Firing Angle
R e c t.
L im it
+Ud
R e c tifie r
O p e r a tio n
160
0
5
30
60
90
120
150
180
In v e r te r
O p e r a tio n
-U d
Ud
0o
30o
60o
In v
L im it
Ud
Ud
90o
120o
150o
t
-U d
Converter Control Functions, Fixed Firing Angles
F ix e d o
F ix e d o
T r ig g e r
set
T r ig g e r
set
Id
AC SYSTEM
A
Ud
R e c t ifie r
R ect
Ud
AC SYSTEM
B
In v
In v e r t e r

Converter Characteristics, Fixed Firing Angles
Ud (p.u.)
Ud=Udio*cos(k*UAC*cos(
Station A (Rectifier)
Fixed
o (~15)
Station
A (Inverter)
Fixed o (~140)
Ud=Udio*cos(dx*Id
U=dx*Id
Station B (Inverter)
Fixed o (~140)
1.0
Operating
Point
1.0
Id (p.u.)
Station B (Rectifier)
Fixed o (~15)
-1.0

Converter Characteristics, Fixed Firing Angles
Rectifier
Fixed
o (~15)
Rectifier
Fixed
o (~15)
Inverter Fixed o (~140)
Ud (p.u.)
AC Bus Voltage reduction
at rectifier
1.0
Operating Point
Operating Point with reduced rectifier
AC Voltage
DC Voltage reduction
DC Current Control at
Rectifier
DC Current reduction
(depending on AC Voltage)
1.0
Id (p.u.)

Converter Control Functions, Id control at Rectifer
I DC Ref
I DC Act
PI Controller
I DC Control
Fixed o
Trigger
set
Trigger
set
Id
AC SYSTEM
A
Ud Rect
Rectifier
AC SYSTEM
B
Ud Inv
Inverter

Converter Control Functions, Id control at Rectifer
Rectifier Fixed min (5)
Inverter Fixed (~140)
Ud (p.u.)
at inverter
1.0
Operating range with

increased AC Bus
Voltage at range
rectifierwith
Operating
reduced AC Bus
Voltage at rectifier
Operating
Point in
No Change
(e.g.
alpha
Operating 15)
Point but
increased alpha
No(e.g.
Change
30) in
Operating Point
new Operating Point with reduced
inverter AC Voltage and fixed
Inverter (~140)
Rectifier Id Control
No change in DC Current,
but change in DC Voltage
DC Voltage Control at Inverter
1.0
Id (p.u.)

Converter Control Functions, DC Voltage Control
I DC Ref
I DC Act
PI Controller
I DC Control
U DC Ref
PI Controller
U DC Control
U DC Act
+
Trigger
set
Trigger
set
Id
AC SYSTEM
A
Ud Rect
Rectifier
AC SYSTEM
B
Ud Inv
Inverter

Converter Control Functions, DC Voltage Control
Ud (p.u.)
Inverter Ud Control
1.0
Operating Point
(e.g. Rect =15, Inv =140)
Inv Fixed max (~160)
Constant Operating Point for a wide

range
of inverter
and
rectifier
siderectifier
AC
new
Operating
Point
with
reduced
Voltage
variations
AC Voltage and constant DC Voltage
control
Rectifier Id Control
No change in DC Voltage,
but change in DC Current
DC Current reduction
(depending on AC Voltage)
DC Current Margin
Control at inverter
1.0
Id (p.u.)
Operating Range for

AC Bus Voltage
reduction
at Range
inverterfor
Operating
AC Bus Voltage
increase at inverter
at rectifier

Converter Control Functions, Id Margin Control
I DC Ref
I marg
I DC Ref
I DC Control
I DC Ref
I DC Act
PI Controller
I DC Control
Trigger
set
M
A
X
U DC Control
Trigger
set
Id
AC SYSTEM
A
Ud Rect
Rectifier
AC SYSTEM
B
Ud Inv
Inverter
I DC Act
PI Controller
+ -
U DC Ref
U DC Act

Converter Control Functions, Id Margin Control
Ud (p.u.)
Inverter Ud Control
1.0
at rectifier
Inv Fixed max (~160)
Operating Point
(e.g. Rect =15, Inv =140)
Operating Point without

inverter Id Margin
Control
Rectifier DC Current Control
new Operating Point with inverter Id

Margin Control
Inverter DC Current Control

DC Current margin
1.0
Id (p.u.)

Converter Control Functions, Extinction Angle () Control
Inverter Ud Control
Ud (p.u.)
Inverter Gamma () min

Control (17)
1.0
Operating Point
(e.g. Rect =15, Inv =140)

1.0
Id (p.u.)

Converter Control Functions, Extinction Angle () Control
I DC Ref
I marg
I DC Ref
I DC Control
I DC Ref
I DC Act
PI Controller
I DC Control
Trigger
set
Trigger
set
M
A
X
U DC Control
Ud Rect
Rectifier
I DC Act
Gamma Control
U DC Act
Gamma Act
AC SYSTEM
B
Ud Inv
Inverter
U DC Ref
+Gamma Ref
Id
AC SYSTEM
A
+
-
PI Controller
+ -

Converter Control Functions, DC Voltage Limit Control
Inverter Ud Control
Ud (p.u.)
Inverter Gamma () min

Control (17)
1.0
Rectifier DC Voltage
Limit Control
Operating Point
(e.g. Rect =15, Inv =140)
DC Voltage Margin

1.0
Id (p.u.)

Converter Control Functions, DC Voltage Limit Control
I DC Ref
I marg
I DC Ref
I DC Ref
I DC Act
I DC Control
I DC Control
U DC Ref
U DC Act
+
- +
U DC Control
PI Controller
Trigger
set
Trigger
set
M
A
X
U DC Control
Gamma Control
Rectifier
U DC Act
Gamma Act
Id
Ud Rect
I DC Act
+Gamma Ref
U marg
AC SYSTEM
A
U DC Ref
PI Controller
M
I
N
+ -
AC SYSTEM
B
Ud Inv
Inverter

Converter Control Functions, Converter Control Characteristic

Converter Control Functions
P Ref
C u rre n t O rd e r
C a lu la t o r
U DC Act
I DC Ref
I D C Act
DC R ef U
DC Act U
I DC R ef
I D C C o n tr o l
U D C C o n tro l
I D C C o n tro l
P I C o n t r o lle r
M in
I m a rg
P I C o n t r o lle r
M AX
U D C C o n tro l
T r ig g e r
set
U m a rg
T r ig g e r
set
C o n tro l
Id
AC SYSTEM
A
U d
R e c tifie r
R ect
U d
AC SYSTEM
B
In v
In v e r te r
I DC Act
U DC Ref
+
17
U DC Act
Act
Communication
Remote
Access
Erlangen
Dispatch Center
#1
HVDC
Communication
Systems
Dispatch Center
#2
Station A
Remote
Access
Operator Control Level
Remote
Access
Erlangen
Dispatch Center
#3
Station B
RCI
PLC 1
RCI
Operator Control Level
Remote
Access
Control & Protection

Level
Control & Protection

Level
Process/ Field Level
Process/ Field Level
Power Line Carrier and/or

LAN (100 Mbit/s)
Microwave and/ or FO Link
TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)
Remote Access
Field Bus (Profi Bus DB)
RCI (Remote Control Interface)
Measuring
Measuring
PLC 2
HVDC
PROTECTION
PROTECTION SYSTEM TASKS
Fast
recognising and removing the faults
Safe
always switching-off, when a fault appears
Fail-Safe
to avoid unnecessary shut-downs of the plant - achieved e.g. by
individual protection zones and self-monitoring functions
Selectivity
as less components as necessary will be isolated in case of a fault
Assists to minimise the time needed to determine and eliminate
the fault
Overlapping Protection Zones
selectivity is mainly achieved by dividing the complete system into
several overlapping protection zones
Protection System Tasks
Redundancy
in case of maintenance or fault of one protection system sufficient protection is
ensured by either main / back-up or redundant protection systems
using different measuring devices
using different power supply systems
main / back-up systems use different algorithms
redundant systems (1 and 2) are used where different algorithms are not possible
always in service simultaneously
Separated from other systems
to ensure independence of correct function of the controls
to ensure independence of correct function of telecommunication systems
(especially differential protections)
HVDC PROTECTION SYSTEM
AC FILTER
PROTECTION
CONVERTER
TRANSFORMER
PROTECTION
DC FILTER
PROTECTION
DC
PROTECTION
Protection Zones
11
10
12
U dL1
Id H 1
Ia c Y
Ia c
D
8
H SN B
S
Id N 1
Id E 1
U dN 1
Id L 1
5
to o th e r
P o le
H SN B
S
M R S
Idee4
MRTB
Id e e 1
Id e e 2
Id E 2
U dN 2
H SG S
Id e e 3
1 AC-Busbar Protection
2 AC-Line Protection
3 AC-Filter /
Shunt Capacitor Protection
4 Converter Transformer
Protection
5 Converter Protection
6 DC-Busbar Protection
7 DC-Filter Protection
8 Electrode Line Protection
9 DC-Line Protection
10 Shunt Reactor Protection
11 AC-Filter Connection Protection
12 Converter Transformer
Connection Protection
Trip signal flow

VBE
system2
Pole
Control
system1
Pole
Control
system2
DCprote
ction
system1
DC
protection
system2
Converter Transformer protection
Bay Marshalling Kiosk
Trip 1
Trip 2
VBE
system1
DC Current Measuring Device (OPTODYN) Lay out at HVDC Kolar

6
UdL
6
IdH
4
IdL
Line 1
Pole1
4
UdN
2
IdN
4
IdE
IdN
IdE
8
Idee1
Idee2
UdN
4
Idee3
8
8
Current Measuring Devices
11Nos
(4 HV+7 LV)
Voltage Dividers
04 Nos
( 2 HV+2 LV)
Pole2
IdH
6
Electrode
lines
Line 2
IdL
UdL
6
DC PROTECTION
DC LINE
PROTECTION
CONVERTER
PROTECTION
ELECTRODE
PROTECTION
DC BUS BAR
PROTECTION
CONVERTER TRANSFORMER
PROTECTION
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION - SIEMENS MAKE NUMERICAL RELAYS (SIPROTEC)
OVER CURRENT AND EARTH FAULT PROTECTION (51 7SJ61)
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION (87T 7UT513)

3 WINDING TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
OVER EXCITATION / V/F RELAY (24 7RW600)

RATIO OF V & F
BRANCH DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION (87M1 7UT513)

PROTECTING THE BLIND ZONE BETWEEN TRANSFORMER & CONNECTED BAY
Converter Protection
Short Circuit Protection (SCY,SCD)

Over current Protection (Iac>)
Bridge Differential Protection (BDD, BDY)
Group Differential Protection (GD)
DC Differential Protection (DDP)
DC Over voltage Protection (59/37DC)
DC Under voltage Protection (27DC)
Fundamental Frequency Protection (81-50Hz, 81-100Hz)
AC Valve Winding Supervision (ACVW)
Converter Protection Overview

Id H
Id L
U dL
D C F ilt e r
H SN BS
Id N
U dN
Id E
HSG S
Id e e 1
M R S
Id e e 4
Id e e 2
H SN BS
M R TB
Short Circuit Protection (SCY, SCD)

Id H
Id L
U dL
D C F ilt e r
H SN BS
Id N
U dN
Id E
H SG S
Id e e 1
M R S
Id e e 4
Id e e 2
H SN BS
M RTB
Short Circuit Protection (SCY, SCD)
Overcurrent Protection (Iac>)

Id H
Id L
U dL
D C F ilt e r
H SN BS
Id N
U dN
Id E
H SG S
Id e e 1
M R S
Id e e 4
Id e e 2
H SN BS
M RTB
Overcurrent Protection (Iac>)

Id H
Id L
U dL
D C F ilt e r
H SN BS
Id N
U dN
Id E
HSG S
Id e e 1
M R S
Id e e 4
Id e e 2
H SN BS
M R TB

Id H
Id L
U dL
D C F ilt e r
H SN BS
Id N
U dN
Id E
HSG S
Id e e 1
M R S
Id e e 4
Id e e 2
H SN BS
M R TB

Id H
Id L
U dL
D C F ilt e r
H SN BS
Id N
U dN
Id E
HSG S
Id e e 1
M R S
Id e e 4
Id e e 2
H SN BS
M R TB
DC Over voltage Protection (59/37DC)

Id H
Id L
U dL
D C F ilt e r
H SN BS
Id N
U dN
Id E
HSG S
Id e e 1
M R S
Id e e 4
Id e e 2
H SN BS
M R TB
DC Overvoltage Protection
(59/37DC)
DC Undervoltage Protection
(27DC)
Id H
Id L
U dL
D C F ilt e r
H SN BS
Id N
U dN
Id E
HSG S
Id e e 1
M R S
Id e e 4
Id e e 2
H SN BS
M R TB
DC Undervoltage Protection
(27DC)
Fundamental Frequency Protection

(81-50Hz, 81- 100Hz)
Id H
Id L
U dL
D C F ilt e r
H SN BS
Id N
U dN
Id E
HSG S
Id e e 1
M R S
Id e e 4
Id e e 2
H SN BS
M R TB
Fundamental Frequency Protection

(81-50Hz, 81- 100Hz)
AC Valve Winding Supervision

(ACVW)
Id H
Id L
U dL
Usum Y
D C F ilt e r
Usum D
H SN BS
Id N
U dN
Id E
HSG S
Id e e 1
M R S
Id e e 4
Id e e 2
H SN BS
M R TB
AC Valve Winding Supervision

(ACVW)
DC Busbar Protection
HV DC Busbar Differential Protection (87HV)

Neutral Busbar Differential Protection (87LV)
DC Differential Backup Protection (87DCB)
HV DC Busbar Differential
Protection (87HV)
Id H
Id L
U dL
D C F ilt e r
H SN BS
Id N
U dN
Id E
HSG S
Id e e 1
M R S
Id e e 4
Id e e 2
H SN BS
M R TB
HV DC Busbar Differential
Protection
(87HV)
Neutral Busbar Differential

Protection (87LV)
Id H
Id L
U dL
D C F ilt e r
H SN BS
Id N
U dN
Id E
HSG S
Id e e 1
M R S
Id e e 4
Id e e 2
H SN BS
M R TB
Neutral Busbar Differential

Protection (87LV)
DC Differential Backup
Protection (87DCB)
Id H
Id L
U dL
D C F ilt e r
H SN BS
Id N
U dN
Id E
HSG S
Id e e 1
M R S
Id e e 4
Id e e 2
H SN BS
M R TB
DC Differential Backup
Protection (87DCB)
DC Line Protection
Travelling Wavefront Protection (WFPDL)

DC Line Undervoltage Sensing (27du/dt)
DC Line Differential Protection (87DCM)
AC/DC Conductor Contact Protection Remote Station Fault
Detection (81-I/U)
DC Line Overview
Id H
Ud
Ud
Id
Id
Id H
D C - L in e
Id N
Id E
U dN
Id e e 1
Id e e 1
E le c tr o d e L in e
Id e e 2
Id e e 2
Id E
Id N
Travelling Wavefront Protection

(WFPDL)
U dL
U dL
Id H
Id H
Id L
Id L
D C - L in e
P r o t e c t io n z o n e f o r
T W P S ta tio n B
Id N
Id E
U dN
P r o te c tio n z o n e f o r
T W P S ta tio n A
Id e e 1
Id e e 1
E le c t r o d e L in e
Id e e 2
Id E
Id N
Id e e 2
Travelling Wavefront Protection

(WFPDL)
Protection Task
DC line faults to ground
Evaluation
Principle
Detection of the discharge wave
Initiated
Sequences
DC line fault recovery sequence
Typical settings
Depends on the AC grid and the DC line

characteristic

Evaluating of the rates of change of voltage and current
Protection trips, when the following criteria are fulfilled:
rate of change of voltage exceeds limit
total change of voltage exceeds limit
total change of current exceeds limit

absolute
change of
current in a fix
time
Rate of change
of voltage
absolut change
of voltage in a
fix time
DC Line Undervoltage Sensing

(27du/dt)
U dL
U dL
Id H
Id H
Id L
Id L
D C - L in e
Id N
Id E
U dN
Id e e 1
Id e e 1
Id e e 2
Id E
Id N
Id e e 2
DC Line Undervoltage Sensing

(27du/dt)
DC Line Undervoltage
Protection (27du/dt)
Rate of change
of voltage
Voltage below
limit
DC Line Differential Protection

(87DCM)
U dL
U dL
Id H
Id H
Id L
Id L
D C - L in e
Id N
Id E
U dN
Id e e 1
Id e e 1
Id e e 2
Id E
Id N
Id e e 2
DC Line Differential Protection

(87DCM)
Fault Recovery Sequences

After detecting line fault DC protection sends fault recovery
request to Pole control
Pole control starts recovery sequence
Counts the number of recovery sequences
Pole control retards the firing angle and reduces the DC
voltage
Transient faults will be cleared in this process
First restart after 200msec
Second restart after 250msec
Third restart after 300msec at RVO
If unsuccessful Pole gets blocked
Detection of fault any one side is sufficient
Unsuccessful DC line fault recovery sequence( Pole 1)
Unsuccessful DC line fault recovery sequence (Pole 2)
DC LINE FAULT LOCATOR

S ta tio n A
S ta tio n B
H V D C L in e
P L C F ilt e r
P L C F ilt e r
T1A
T1B
G PS
G PS
D C L in e
F a u lt L o c a t o r
E v a lu a tio n U n it
I n t e r S t a t io n T e le c o m m u n ic a t io n
G P S C lo c k A c c u r a c y : 1 0 0 n s e c
R e s o lv in g o f F a u lt L o c a tio n : 1 T o w e r o r 0 .5 k m
D C L in e
F a u lt L o c a to r
E v a lu a tio n U n it
Principle arrangement
P L C R e p e a te r S ta tio n
S ta tio n A
S ta tio n B
D C L in e
P o le 1
FO W D
G PS
F a u lt
L o c a to r a n d
G P S R e c e iv e r
FO W D
F ib r e O p tic
C a b le
FO W D
FO W D
F ib r e O p t ic C a b le
F a u lt
L o c a to r a n d
FO W D
F ib r e O p t ic
C a b le
F ib r e O p t ic C a b le
FO W D
FO W D
G PS
F a u lt
L o c a to r a n d
FO W D
D C L in e
PLC
PLC
F O W D : F ib r e O p tic W a v e F r o n t D e te c tio n
G P S : G lo b a l P o s it io n in g S y s t e m
P L C : P o w e r L in e C a r r ie r
PLC
P o le 2
PLC
Line Fault Location Formula

The standard Line fault location formula is used.
D = L (v * t)
2
Where
D = Distance to fault
L = Line Length
v = wavefront propagation velocity
t = difference in arrival times of wavefronts
t = tremote - tlocal
Important Equipment
Wave Front Detection Unit
(FOWD)
at grounding point of PLC
capacitors
Wave front detection
transformer 1:55 turns
FOTX- FO Transmitter
FORX FO Receiver
Display of fault locator
Electrode Line Protection
Electrode Bus Differential Protection (87EB)

Electrode Current Balance Protection (60EL)
Open Conductor Electrode Line Protection (60OCEL)
Electrode Overcurrent Protection (76EL)
Overvoltage Protection (59EL)
Station Ground Overcurrent Protection (76SG)
Pemo 200
Electrode Line Protection

Overview
Id H
D C - L in e /
C a b le
Id L
U dL
Id N
Id E
U dN
H S N B S
Id E
Id e e 1
E le c t r o d e L in e /
C a b le
Id e e 2
H S N B S
P E M O 2000
59E L
T o 2 n d P o le
87E B
60
O C E L
76E L1
76E L2
60E L
Overvoltage Protection (59EL)

Protection Task
Open electrode line
Evaluation
Principle
UdN > Thres
Initiated
Sequences
Close High Speed Ground Switch +

Bipolar Operation:
Balanced Bipolar Mode
Monopolar Operation: Block Pole
Typical settings
Thres =90 kV
Station Ground Overcurrent

Protection (76SG)
Id H
Id L
U dL
D C F ilt e r
H SN BS
Id N
U dN
Id E
H S G S
Id e e 1
M R S
Id e e 3
Id e e 2
H SN BS
M R TB
Station Ground Overcurrent

Protection (76SG)
Pemo 2000
Pulse Echo Electrode Line

Monitoring
System
No additional blocking filters needed

Determination of fault location and fault type
A1
L in e - E a r t h
F a u lt
O p e n L in e
F a u lt
S y m m e tr ic a l
T ra n s fo rm a to r
C o n n e c t io n
P o in t
C 1
A2
L1
R e c e iv e r
C o a x ia l C a b le
A2
L1
C1
C o u p lin g U n it
AKE 100
A1
P u ls
G e n e ra to r
L in e - L in e
F a u lt
P u ls - E c h o - E le c t r o d e L in e
M o n it o r in g D e v ic e
(P E M O 2 0 0 0 )
E a r t h E le c t r o d e
Summary Main Features
No additional blocking equipment necessary

==>Insensitive to tolerances of blocking components
==>Less primary components result in a higher availability and reliability
Insensitive over a wide range of harmonic currents Determination of fault
location possible
Determination of fault type (open or ground fault) possible
(high frequency (0.5 - 2 MHz) differential-mode voltage pulse injection
Multi-pulsing evaluation avoids maloperation during worst transient conditions
Evaluation Algorithm
Steady State Evaluation

Used for detection of long time developing faults (dirty insulator
etc.)
Steady State Evaluation monitors the reference echo
Dynamic Evaluation
Dynamic Evaluation compares the actual incoming echo with the
last reference echo
Impulse Response of a Healthy

Electrode Line
Impulse Response during a

Line to Earth Fault
Different Impulse Response
AC Filter Protection
Differential Protection (87ACF, CB)

Inverse Overcurrent Time Protection (50/51ACF, 50/51CB)
Capacitor Overload Protection (49/59ACF, 49/59CB)
C1 Capacitor Unbalance Supervision (60/61ACFC1, 60/61CBC1)
Overload Protection for Low Voltage Reactor (50/51ACFL)
Overload Protection for Low Voltage Resistor (50/51ACFR)
AC Filter Protection Overview
T1
C1
T2
L1
R2
L2
C2
T41
T42
T4

M a in P r o te c tio n
(C P R 9 7 )
5 0 /5 1 A C F
4 9 /5 9 A C F
T1
to A C - F ilte r B a c k - u p P r o t e c t io n
(S IM A D Y N D )
T2
C 1
87AC F
T2
6 0 /6 1 A C F C 1
L1
R 2
L2
C 2
T41
T42
M a in P r o t e c tio n
(C P R 9 7 )
5 0 /5 1 A C F R
(C P R 9 7 )
5 0 /5 1 A C F L
to A C - F ilt e r B a c k - u p P r o t e c t io n
T3
Differential Protection
(87ACF,CB)
T1
C1
T2
L1
R2
L2
C2
T41
T42
T4
Differential Protection
(87ACF,CB)
PROTECTION TASK:
FAULTS TO GROUND/NEUTRAL
EVALUATION PRINCIPLE:
ABS(IT1(50HZ) IT3(50HZ)) > SV
INITIATED SEQUENCES:
TRIP FILTER CB
Inverse Overcurrent-Time
Protection (50/51ACF, 50/51CB)
T1
C1
T2
L1
R2
L2
C2
T41
T42
T4
Inverse Overcurrent-Time Protection

(50/51ACF, 50/51CB)
PROTECTION TASK
THERMAL OVERSTRESS OF THE CIRCUIT,

SHORT CIRCUITS
EVALUATION PRINCIPLE
THERMAL CURRENT STRESS >SV
INITIATED SEQUENCES
TRIP FILTER CB
Capacitor Overload Protection

(49/59ACF, 49/59CB)
T1
C1
T2
L1
R2
L2
C2
T41
T42
T4
Capacitor Overload Protection

(49/59ACF, 49/59CB)
PROTECTION TASK
VOLTAGE OVERSTRESS OF THE

CAPACITOR
INTEGRAL OF THE LINE CURRENT IS

COMPARED TO THE INVERSE
OVERVOLTAGE TIME WITHSTAND
CURVE OF THE CAPACITOR C1
INITIATED SEQUENCES
TRIP FILTER CB
C1 Capacitor Unbalance Supervision

(60/61 ACFC1, 60/61 CBC1)
T1
C1
T2
L1
R2
L2
C2
T41
T42
T4

(60/61 ACFC1, 60/61 CBC1)
PROTECTION TASK
FAULTY CAPACITOR ELEMENTS

SHORT CIRCUITS OF CAPACITOR ELEMENTS
DELTA(IT2 / IT3) > SV
INITIATED SEQUENCES
STAGE 1: ALARM
STAGE 2: ALARM, SWITCH OFF IN 2 HOURS
STAGE 3: TRIP THE CB INST.
TYPICAL SETTINGS
STAGE 1: TWO CAPACITOR ELEMENTS

STAGE 2: THREE CAPACITOR ELEMENTS
STAGE 3: FOUR CAPACITOR ELEMENTS OR
WHOLE UNIT
Overload Protection for Low Voltage Reactor

50/51 ACFL (double tuned filters only)
T1
C1
T2
L1
R2
L2
C2
T41
T42
T4
Overload Protection for Low Voltage Reactor

50/51 ACFL (double tuned filters only)
PROTECTION TASK
OVERLOAD CONDITIONS IN REACTOR L2
IT42 IS COMPARED WITH THE INVERSE

OVERCURRENT-TIME CHARACTERISTIC
OF THE L2 INDUCTANCE
INITIATED SEQUENCES
TRIP FILTER CB
Overload Protection for Low Voltage Resistor

50/51 ACFR (double tuned filters only)
T1
C1
T2
L1
R2
L2
C2
T41
T42
T4
Overload Protection for Low Voltage Resistor

50/51 ACFR (double tuned filters only)
PROTECTION TASK
OVERLOAD CONDITIONS IN RESISTOR R2
IT41 IS EVALUATED AGAINST THE INVERSE O/C-TIME

CHARACTERISTIC OF R2 RESISTOR
INITIATED SEQUENCES
TRIP FILTER CB
DC Filter Protection
Differential Protection (87DF)

C1 Unbalance Supervision (60/61DF)
Differential Overcurrent Protection (51C1DF)
Inverse Overcurrent Time Protection (51DF)
DC Filter Protection Overview
IT 1 1
IT 1 2
Is u m
Id e lta
Is u m = IT 1 1 + IT 1 2
Id e lta = IT 1 1 - IT 1 2
D if f e r e n t c o r e s a r e u s e d f o r t h e
e v a lu a t io n o f I s u m a n d I d e lt a
IT 2
IT 2
Is u m
Id e lta
C1 Unbalance Supervision
(60/61DF)
IT 2
Is u m
I d e lt a
C1 Unbalance Supervision
(60/61DF)
Differential Overcurrent
Protection (51C1DF)
IT 2
Is u m
Id e lta
Differential Overcurrent
Protection (51C1DF)
AC Filter Protection
Differential Protection (87ACF, CB)

Inverse Overcurrent Time Protection (50/51ACF, 50/51CB)
Capacitor Overload Protection (49/59ACF, 49/59CB)
C1 Capacitor Unbalance Supervision (60/61ACFC1,
60/61CBC1)
Overload Protection for Low Voltage Reactor (50/51ACFL)
Overload Protection for Low Voltage Resistor (50/51ACFR)
CPR97
T1
C1
T2
L1
R2
L2
C2
T41
T42
T4

(C P R 9 7 )
5 0 /5 1 A C F
4 9 /5 9 A C F
T1
to A C - F ilte r B a c k - u p P r o t e c t io n
(S IM A D Y N D )
T2
C 1
87AC F
T2
6 0 /6 1 A C F C 1
L1
R 2
L2
C 2
T41
T42
(C P R 9 7 )
5 0 /5 1 A C F R
(C P R 9 7 )
5 0 /5 1 A C F L
to A C - F ilt e r B a c k - u p P r o t e c t io n
T3

(60/61 ACFC1, 60/61 CBC1)
T1
C1
T2
L1
R2
L2
C2
T41
T42
T4

(60/61 ACFC1, 60/61 CBC1)
Protection Task
Faulty capacitor elements

Short circuits of capacitor elements
Evaluation
Principle
Delta(IT2 / IT1) >thres
Initiated
Sequences
Stage 1:
Alarm Signal
Stage 2:
Alarm signal, switch off in 2 hours
Stage 3:
Switch off filter
Typical settings
Stage 1:
Two capacitor elements
Stage 2:
Three capacitor elements
Stage 3:
Four capacitor elements or whole unit
Realised in
Siamdyn D
The Digital Multi-Microprocessor System
SIMADYN D
Inverter side extinction angle () and Over lap angle ()

AC Voltage Ph-N
Valve Currents -Star

HVDC Control

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HVDC Control

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HVDC

HVDC Control & Protection

Control & Monitoring

LAN: 100 Mbit/ sec

Open Loop Control

HVDC Control & Protection

Switching Devices Control Flow Diagram

HVDC Control & Protection

Local Area Network (LAN)

Pole Control Field Bus

Field Bus interface module

Bus Connector with terminating

Bus Connector without

only one (1) Pole

Transformer Spare Transformer *

double-shielded electrical cable

ATR Active terminating resistor

Bus Connector with

HVDC Control & Protection

Id in one direction only

HVDC Control & Protection

Tap Changer Control

Principles of HVDC Controls

Principles of HVDC Controls

Principles of HVDC Controls

Converter Control Functions, Fixed Firing Angles

Principles of HVDC Controls

Principles of HVDC Controls

Principles of HVDC Controls

Principles of HVDC Controls

Inverter Fixed (~140)

Operating range with

DC Voltage Control at Inverter

Principles of HVDC Controls

Principles of HVDC Controls

Rectifier Fixed min (5)

Inv Fixed max (~160)

Constant Operating Point for a wide

Operating Range for

Principles of HVDC Controls

Principles of HVDC Controls

Rectifier Fixed min (5)

Operating Point without

Rectifier DC Current Control

new Operating Point with inverter Id

Inverter DC Current Control

Principles of HVDC Controls

Inverter Gamma () min

Rectifier DC Current Control

Principles of HVDC Controls

Principles of HVDC Controls

Inverter Gamma () min

Rectifier DC Current Control

Principles of HVDC Controls

Principles of HVDC Controls

Principles of HVDC Controls

Operator Control Level

Operator Control Level

Control & Protection

Control & Protection

Process/ Field Level

Process/ Field Level

Power Line Carrier and/or

PROTECTION SYSTEM TASKS