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DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS
Figure 1.3
A typical portion of the Internet
intranet
ISP
backbone
satellite link
desktop computer:
server:
network link:
Figure 1.4
Portable and handheld devices in a distributed system
Figure 1.5
Cloud computing
Figure 1.6
Growth of the Internet (computers and web servers)
Date
1993,July
1995,July
1997,July
1999,July
2001,July
2003,July
2005,July
Computers
Webservers
Percentage
1,776,000
130
0.008
6,642,000
19,540,000
56,218,000
125,888,197
23,500
1,203,096
6,598,697
31,299,592
0.4
6
12
25
~200,000,000
42,298,371
21
353,284,187
67,571,581
19
Figure 1.7
Web servers and web browsers
Browsers
Web servers
www.google.com
http://www.google.comlsearch?q=obama
Internet
www.cdk5.net
http://www.cdk5.net/
www.w3c.org
File system of
www.w3c.org
standards
faq.html
http://www.w3.org/standards/faq.html#conformance
CHALLENGES
SECURITY
CONFIDENTIALITY
AVALABILTY
INTEGRITY
OPENNESS
A FEATURE WHICH DETERMINES WHETHER A SYSTEM
CAN BE REIMPLEMENTED AND EXTENDED IN
DIFFERENT WAYS
CHALLENGES
HETROGENITY
ALLOWS USERS TO ACCESS SERVICES OVER A VARIETY
OF DIFFERENT NETWORKS
SCALABILITY
WORKS EFFECTIVELY AND EFFICIENTLY AT DIFFREENT
SCALES FROM INTRANET TO INTERNET.
CONTROLLING PHYSICAL RESOURCE COST
CONTROLLING LOSS IN PERFORMANCE
PREVENTING RUNNING OUT OF SOFTWARE
RESOURCES
AVOIDING PERFORMANCE DELAYS
10
CHALLENGES
FAILURE HANDLING
FAILURE DETECTION
HIDDEN FAILURES
TOLERATING FAILURES
RECOVERY FROM FAILURES
REDUNDANCY
CONCURRENCY
TRANSPARENCY
11
Section 1.5.7
Transparencies
Section 1.5.7
Transparencies
Replicationtransparency:enablesmultipleinstancesofresourcesto
beusedtoincreasereliabilityandperformancewithoutknowledgeof
thereplicasbyusersorapplicationprogrammers.
Failuretransparency:enablestheconcealmentoffaults,allowing
usersandapplicationprogramstocompletetheirtasksdespitethe
failureofhardwareorsoftwarecomponents.
Section 1.5.7
Transparencies
Mobilitytransparency:allowsthemovementofresourcesandclients
withinasystemwithoutaffectingtheoperationofusersor
programs.
Performancetransparency:allowsthesystemtobereconfiguredto
improveperformanceasloadsvary.
Scalingtransparency:allowsthesystemandapplicationstoexpandin
scalewithoutchangetothesystemstructureortheapplication
algorithms.