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unit-1

Characterization of Distributed Systems

DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS

A DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM IS ONE IN WHICH THE


HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE COMPONENTS THAT
ARE LOCATED AT NETWORK COMPUTER ARE ABLE
TO COMMUNICATE AND CORDINATE THEIR
ACTIONS BY PASSING MESSAGES
SIGNIFICANT CONSEQUENCES
CONCURRENCY
NO GLOBAL CLOCK
INDEPENDENT FAILURES

Figure 1.3
A typical portion of the Internet

intranet

ISP

backbone

satellite link
desktop computer:
server:
network link:

Figure 1.4
Portable and handheld devices in a distributed system

Figure 1.5
Cloud computing

Figure 1.6
Growth of the Internet (computers and web servers)

Date
1993,July
1995,July
1997,July
1999,July
2001,July
2003,July
2005,July

Computers

Webservers

Percentage

1,776,000

130

0.008

6,642,000
19,540,000
56,218,000
125,888,197

23,500
1,203,096
6,598,697
31,299,592

0.4
6
12
25

~200,000,000

42,298,371

21

353,284,187

67,571,581

19

Figure 1.7
Web servers and web browsers

Browsers

Web servers
www.google.com

http://www.google.comlsearch?q=obama

Internet

www.cdk5.net

http://www.cdk5.net/

www.w3c.org
File system of
www.w3c.org

standards

faq.html

http://www.w3.org/standards/faq.html#conformance

MAIN FEATURES OF HTTP

REQUEST REPLY INTERACTIONS


CONTENT TYPES
ONE RESOURCE PER REQUEST
SIMPLE ACCESS CONTROL

CHALLENGES

SECURITY
CONFIDENTIALITY
AVALABILTY
INTEGRITY

OPENNESS
A FEATURE WHICH DETERMINES WHETHER A SYSTEM
CAN BE REIMPLEMENTED AND EXTENDED IN
DIFFERENT WAYS

CHALLENGES

HETROGENITY
ALLOWS USERS TO ACCESS SERVICES OVER A VARIETY
OF DIFFERENT NETWORKS

SCALABILITY
WORKS EFFECTIVELY AND EFFICIENTLY AT DIFFREENT
SCALES FROM INTRANET TO INTERNET.
CONTROLLING PHYSICAL RESOURCE COST
CONTROLLING LOSS IN PERFORMANCE
PREVENTING RUNNING OUT OF SOFTWARE
RESOURCES
AVOIDING PERFORMANCE DELAYS
10

CHALLENGES

FAILURE HANDLING

FAILURE DETECTION
HIDDEN FAILURES
TOLERATING FAILURES
RECOVERY FROM FAILURES
REDUNDANCY

CONCURRENCY
TRANSPARENCY

11

Section 1.5.7
Transparencies

Access transparency: enables local and remote resources to be


accessedusingidenticaloperations.
Locationtransparency:enablesresourcestobeaccessedwithout
knowledgeoftheirphysicalornetworklocation(forexample,
whichbuildingorIPaddress).
Concurrencytransparency:enablesseveralprocessestooperate
concurrentlyusingsharedresourceswithoutinterferencebetween
them.

Section 1.5.7
Transparencies

Replicationtransparency:enablesmultipleinstancesofresourcesto
beusedtoincreasereliabilityandperformancewithoutknowledgeof
thereplicasbyusersorapplicationprogrammers.
Failuretransparency:enablestheconcealmentoffaults,allowing
usersandapplicationprogramstocompletetheirtasksdespitethe
failureofhardwareorsoftwarecomponents.

Section 1.5.7
Transparencies

Mobilitytransparency:allowsthemovementofresourcesandclients
withinasystemwithoutaffectingtheoperationofusersor
programs.
Performancetransparency:allowsthesystemtobereconfiguredto
improveperformanceasloadsvary.
Scalingtransparency:allowsthesystemandapplicationstoexpandin
scalewithoutchangetothesystemstructureortheapplication
algorithms.

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