Extractive Metallurgy - II

Heat Balances in Process

Metallurgy
Schedule :
Class A : Monday, 14.00-15.40
Class B : Monday, 16.00-17.40

Course Content
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Preface : Pyrometallurgy
Thermodynamic Aspect of Pyrometallurgy (I)
Thermodynamic Aspect of Pyrometallurgy (II)
Mass Balance
Heat Balance
Mass and Heat Balance Calculation in Pyrometallurgy Process
Mid Semester Examination
Slag and Refractory
Pre-extraction Process (Ore Preparation, Calcination)
Reduction of Oxide Minerals
Refining of Crude Metal
Oxide Mineral Reduction & Refining
Thermodynamic Aspect of Sulfide Ore Processing
Matte Smelting-I (Extraction and Refining of Copper Sulphide Ore)
Matte Smelting-II (Nickel Matte Production)
Final Examination

On calculation of process metallurgy, energy calculation is needed besides of mass

balance calculation. This problem can be solved by calculate the heat balance.

Langkah-langkah yang perlu diperhatikan dalam melakukan

perhitungan neraca panas adalah sebagai berikut :
1. Determine the calculation bases for each reactant/product :
it can be per-mole of reactant, per-weight of product, etc
2. Create a mass balance for that process
3. Use a furnace as system in heat balance calculation.
Endothermic reaction = heat output for furnace
Exothermic reactions = heat input for furnace
4. Determine the reference temperature (25oC is used as
common temperature)
5. Determine
products.

temperature

of

each

feed/reactant

and

6. Determine input and output heats based on the reactions.

(endothermic or exothermic)
7. Make an input and output heat table. You have to focus on
total heat in each section (deficient or excess heat)
Cu2S
[1300o
C]

O2 + N 2
[25oC]

N2
[800oC
]

SO2
[800oC
]

Cu2S + O2 + 3,76 N2 2 Cu +
SO2 + 3,76 N2

Cu
[1250o
C]

Cu2S
[1300oC]
H
(1573298) =Cp dT

Temperatur
Referensi
298 K

O2
[25oC]
H = 0
N2
[25oC]
H = 0

N2
[800oC]
H(2981073
) =Cp dT

Cu2S 2 Cu + S
(endotermik)
S + O2 SO2
(eksotermik)

SO2
[800oC]
H(2981073
) =Cp dT

H1 (298 K) = +a
H2 (298 K) = -b

Cu
[1250oC]
H(2981523
) =Cp dT

Heat Input
Cu2S

(1573298)

Heat Output

= Cp dT

N2

H(2981073) = Cp dT

O2

H(298298) = 0

SO2

H(2981073) = Cp dT

N2

H(298298) = 0

Cu

H(2981523) = Cp dT

S + O2 SO2 H2 (298 K)

=b

Heat deficient (output > input)

= need ?

Total Heat input

.....

Cu2S 2 Cu + S
a

H1 (298 K) =

Heat excess(output<input)
available ?

Total Heat output

= .....

Limestone dengan komposisi 56% CaO dan 44% CO2

dikalsinasi di dalam rotary kiln untuk menghasilkan
CaO murni. Untuk setiap 1 kilogram limestone
diperlukan 0,15 kg bahan bakar dengan komposisi
85% Karbon dan 15% Hidrogen, serta diperlukan 2000
Nm3 udara. Bahan bakar terbakar secara sempurna
dan bercampur dengan CO2 dari limestone sehingga
keluar bersama sebagai gas buang. Tentukan apakah
panas pada proses ini memadai dengan membuat
neraca panas proses.
(catatan : udara mengandung 21% gas oksigen dan
79% gas nitrogen)

An iron ore containing 10% SiO2 and 3 % Al2O3 balance Fe2O3 is smelted
in an electric furnace with cokes and limestone. The ashes in the coke
are disregarded. The product iron contains 4%C and 1 % Si. The slag
has a ratio (wt% CaO/wt.% SiO2) = 1.1.
(a). On the basis 1 kg of hot metal calculate the weight and composition
of the slag.
(b). The furnace gas has a ratio CO2/CO = 0.2. Calculate the necessary
amounts of carbon
and calculate the weight and volume (STP) of the CO and CO 2 gases.
(c). Make a heat balance of the process and calculate the electric
energy per kilogram of iron when the raw materials are introduced at
250C, the slag and hot metal are withdrawn 14000C , and the gases at
1000C. The heat content relative to 250C, of the hot metal is 1260
kJ/kg and of the molten slag is 1800 kJ/kg. The solid slag may be
regarded as mixture of CaSiO3, Ca2SiO4 and Al2O3. The enthalpy of
solution of Si in iron at 250C is 125 kJ/mol. Heat losses are
disregarded. Enthalpy of slag formation at 298 K is about 40 kJ/0.3
mol CaO. The reduction reaction occurs during smelting might be
expressed as;