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Chapter 2: Overall Heat

Transfer Coefficient

Heat transfer by conduction:


Fouriers law: The heat flux is directly proportional
to the temperature gradient.
dT
q
dx
dT
q k
dx
k = thermal conductivity of material [W/m.K]
.

Q
q
A
dT
Q kA
(cartesian co - ordinates)
dx
.
dT
Q kA
(cylindrical co - ordinates)
dr
.

General heat conduction equation:


z
.
2 Cartesian
2
2
a)In
co-ordinates
(x,y,z):
T T T q v 1 T
2 2
2
x
y
z
k
y
.
b) 2In cylindrical
polar
co-ordinates
(r,,z):
2
2
T 1 T 1 T T q v 1 T

2
2
2
2
r
r r r
z
k

time [s]
.

q v heat generation per unit volume [W/m 3 ]

coefficient of thermal diffusivit y [m 2 / s ]

Plane wall:
For one dimensional steady-state heat
transfer by conduction in a plane wall without
heat generation, the general heat conduction
is
reduced to
d 2T
0
2
dx
.
Q
By
dT integration
C1
dx
By another integration
T C1 x C 2
The boundary
are the known
T T1 at conditions
x0
temperatures. That is
T T2 at x L
and,

When these boundary conditions are applied


to the equation for temperature distribution,
we
C 2 obtain
T1
T T1 C1 x
T2 T1 C1 L
T T2
C1 1
L
Accordingly,
the
expression
for
the
temperature
distribution
(temperature
T T2
profile) becomes:
T T1 1
x
L

The temperature distribution is thus linear

Rate of heat Transfer:


Fouriers law
dT
Q kA
dx
dT
T1 T2
C1
dx
L
.

T1 T2 T1 T2
Q kA

L
L

kA
Evidently for heat conduction in a plane wall,
the thermal resistance takes
the form
.
T1
T2
Q
L
R plane wall
kA
R plane wall L kA
.

Cylindrical pipes:
For one dimensional steady-state
transfer by conduction in a cylindrical
without heat generation, the general
conduction
is reduced to
d 2T 1 dT

0
2
dr
r dr
d 2T dT
r 2
0
dr
dr
d dT
r
0
dr dr
By integration
dT
dT C1
r
C1 or

dr
dr
r
By another integration

heat
pipe
heat

T C1 ln r C 2
Incorporating the relevant boundary
conditions
T T1 at r that
r1
1)T T at r r
2
2
2)
The
are determined as follows
T1 Cconstants
1 ln r1 C 2
T2 C1 ln r2 C 2
By subtraction
r1
T1 T2 C1 ln
r2
T1 T2
T1 T2
C1

r1
r2
ln
ln
r2
r1

C2
The substitution in the equation
of
gives
T1 T2
C 2 T1
ln r1
r
ln 2
r1
When the values of the constants are
substituted
into
the
equation
of
the
temperature distribution, one obtains the
following
expression
for
temperature
distribution
in the
T1 T2
T1 pipe
T2 wall
T
ln r T1
ln r1
r2
r2
ln
ln
r1
r1
T1 T2 r
T T1
ln
r2 r1
ln
r1

Rate of heat flow:


Fouriers law
.
dT
dT
Q k A
k A
dr r r1
dr

r r2

dT C1
T1 T2 1

evaluated at r or r
1
2
dr
r
r2 r
ln
r1
.

T1 T2 1
T1 T2
T1 T2
2kl
Q k 2r1 l

ln r2 r1 ln r2 r1 2kL
ln r2 r1 r1
Then, the thermal resistance for heat
conduction in a cylindrical pipe takes the
form
ln r2 r1
R pipe
2kl

Equivalent thermal
conduction through
pipe is shown in the
.
T1
Q
R pipe

circuit for heat flow by


the walls of a cylindrical
following figure:
T2

ln r2 r1

2kl

Heat transfer by convection:


Newton-Rikhmans law of convection:
The heat flux is directly proportional to the
temperature difference between the wall and
the
q fluid.
T
T Tw T

q h Tw T
.

Q hA Tw T

Tw T

1 hA

In case of heat convection from/to a


cylindrical pipe, the thermal resistance takes
the form
1
Rconvection
hA
The equivalent thermal resistance . circuit for
heat transfer by convection is shown
in the
Q
following figure:
T1
T2
Rconvection 1 hA

Overall heat transfer coefficient through a plane


wall (U):
Consider the plane wall, shown in the figure,
exposed to a hot fluid A on one side and a
cooler fluid B on the other side. The rate of
heat transfer is expressed by
these three expressions
1) Heat transfer by convection from
.
Q fluid
h A TA to
T wall surface (1):
1

2) Heat transfer by conduction


. the plane wall:
T1 T2
Q
L kA

3) Heat transfer by convection from wall


surface
(2) to fluid B:
.
Q h2 A T2 TB
.
The three
1 previous
TA T1 Q as follows:
rewritten
hA
1

L
T1 T2 Q
kA
.
1
T2 TB Q
h2 A
.

1
L
1

By
TA addition
TB Q

h1 A kA h2 A
.

equations

can

be

TA TB
Q
1
L
1

h1 A kA h2 A
.

The equivalent thermal


heat transfer through
convective boundaries
following figure:
Let

resistance circuit for


the plane wall with
is shown in the
.

Q UA TA TB

1
h1 A

L
kA

1
h2 A

U = overall heat transfer coefficient [ W/mK]


Comparing these two equations, one obtains

1
U
1 L 1

h1 k h2
h1 = heat transfer coefficient of surface (1)
[W/m2.K]
= heat transfer film coefficient of wall surface (1)
= individual heat transfer coefficient of wall surface (1)
h2 = heat transfer coefficient of surface (2)
[W/m2.K]
= heat transfer film coefficient of wall surface (2)
= individual heat transfer coefficient of wall surface (2)
k = thermal conductivity of the wall material
[W/m.K]
L = wall thickness [m]

k
The wall conduction Lterm
may often can be
neglected, since a thin wall of large thermal
conductivity is generally used in heat exchangers.
Also, one of the convection coefficients is often
much smaller than the other and hence dominates
determination of the overall heat transfer
coefficient. For example, if one of the fluids is a
gas and the
1 other is a liquid or a liquid-vapor
U
hsmall
mixture
or condensation, the gas1 such
L as
1 boiling
coefficient is much smaller.
side convection
hsmall k hbig

h is small, in case of gases (low viscosity and low


specific heat) and in case of laminar flow (low
velocity).

Example 1:
An iron plate of thickness L with thermal
conductivity k is subjected to a constant, uniform
heat flux qo (W/m) at the boundary surface at x =
0. From the other boundary surface at x = L,
heat is dissipated by convection into a fluid at
temperature T with a heat transfer coefficient h.
The figure shows the geometry and the
nomenclature.
Develop an expression for the determination of
the surface temperatures T1 and T2 at the
surfaces x = 0 and x = L. Also, develop an
expression
for
the
overall
heat
transfer
coefficient U.
Calculate the surface temperatures T1 and T2 and

Data: L = 2 cm, k = 20 W/m2 C, qo = 105 W/m2 ,


T = 50oC, and h = 500 W/m2 C.
Find: T1, T2, U
Solution: Applying the thermal
resistance concept:
.
T1 T2 T2 T
Q

L
1
kA
hA
T1 T

1
L
.

Q
kA
hA

T1 T2 T2 T T1 T
qo

L
1
L 1

k
h
k h

L
kA

1
hA

By equating the first and the last expression,


T1 is found
L 1
qo
T1 qo T T
U
k h
and qby
equating the first and the third
o
T2 T
expressions,
T2 is found:
h
1
U
1 L 1

h1 k h2
1

0 andthere
h2 h is no convective heat transfer
and
since
h1
on surface (1),
1
U
L 1

k h

Introducing The numerical values of various


quantities in the above results, we obtains
L 1
0.02 1
5
o
T1 qo T

10

50

350
C

k h
20 500
qo
105
T2 T
50 250o C
h
500
1
1
U

333.33 W / m 2 .o C
L 1 0.02 1

k h 20 500
Note if the wall thickness is 2 mm, then T1 =
260 C, T2 = 250C and U = 476.2 W/m2 C.

Overall heat transfer coefficient in pipes:


Consider a pipe exposed to a hot fluid on the
inner side and a cooler fluid on the outer side,
as shown in the figure. The area of convection
is not the same for both fluids in this case,
these areas depend on the inside pipe diameter
and wall thickness.
The heat transfer is expressed by
the following relations:
1) Heat transfer by convection from
the hot fluid on the inner side to
.
Ti inner
T1
the
wall surface of the pipe:
Q
1
hi Ai

2) Heat transfer by conduction through the


pipe
wall itself:
.
T T2
Q 1
ln ro ri
2kL
3) Heat transfer by convection from the outer
wall
surface
of the pipe to the cold fluid on
.
T2
To
Q
outer side:
the
1
ho Ao
.
1
The
three
Ti T1 Q previous equations can be rewritten
as follows:hi Ai
.
ln ro ri
T1 T2 Q
2kL

1
ho Ao
By addition
.
1
ln ro ri
1

Ti To Q

2kL
ho Ao
hi Ai
.

T2 To Q

Ti To
Q
1
ln ro ri
1

2kL
ho Ao
hi Ai
.

The equivalent thermal resistance circuit for


heat transfer through the pipe wall with
convective boundaries is shown in the following
figure:
.
1 hi Ai ln ro ri 2kL 1 ho Ao
Q

Let Q U A T T U A T T
o o
i
o
i i
i
o
U o Ao U i Ai
Uo = overall heat transfer coefficient based on
the
outer area of pipe.
Ui = overall heat transfer coefficient based on
the
inner area of pipe.
.
Ao = 2ro L, is the outer surface
area of the
Q
pipe.
1
oA
o
AU
=
2r1i L,lnis
ro the
ri
1inner surface area of the
i

pipe. hi Ai
2kL
ho Ao
Upon comparing the two equations of
, one

1
Uo
ro ro ln ro ri 1

hi ri
k
ho
and
U i Ai

1
ln ro ri
1
1

hi Ai
2kL
ho Ao

1
Ui
ri
1 ri ln ro ri

hi
k
ho ro

Example 2:
Steam at 120oC flows in an insulated pipe. The
pipe is made of mild steel (kp =45 W/m.K) and
has an inside radius of 5 cm and an outside
radius of 5.6 cm. The pipe is covered with 2.5
cm layer of magnesia insulation (kin = 0.071
W/m.K). The inside heat transfer coefficient is
85 W/m2.K and the outside heat transfer
coefficient is 12.5 W/m2.K. Determine the
overall heat transfer coefficients Uo and Ui and
the heat transfer rate from the steam per
meter of pipe length, if the surrounding air
temperature is 20oC.
. o
Data: Ti = 120
kp = 45 W/m.K, r1 = 0.05 m,
Q C,
L
r2 = 0.056 m,
r3 = 0.081 m,
kin = 0.071 W/m.K,
hi = 85

Solution:
Uo

r3
r3 ln r2 r1 r3 ln r3 r2 1

hi r1
kp
k in
ho

1
Uo
0.081
0.081 ln 0.056 0.05 0.081 ln 0.081 0.056
1

85 0.05
45
0.071
12.5

Uo

1
0.01906 0.00020 0.4211 0.08

1
Uo
1.944 W / m 2 . K
0.5144
U o Ao U i Ai
Ao
r3
0.081
U i Uo Uo
1.944 3.149 W / m 2 . K
Ai
r1
0.05

Q U o Ao Ti To
.

Q U o 2r3 L Ti To
.

Q
U o 2r3 Ti To
L
.

Q
1.944 2 0.081 120 20 98.94 W / m
L

Values of the overall heat transfer coefficient


U (W/m.K)

Fluid combination

850 1700 Water to water heat exchanger


110 350
Water to oil heat exchanger
1000 6000 Steam condensers (water in
tubes)
800 1400 Ammonia condenser (water in
tubes)
250 700
Alcohol condenser (water in
tubes)
25 - 50
Finned-tube heat exchanger
(water in tubes, air in cross flow)
10 40
Gas to gas heat exchanger

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