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Transfer Coefficient
Q
q
A
dT
Q kA
(cartesian co - ordinates)
dx
.
dT
Q kA
(cylindrical co - ordinates)
dr
.
2
2
2
2
r
r r r
z
k
time [s]
.
Plane wall:
For one dimensional steady-state heat
transfer by conduction in a plane wall without
heat generation, the general heat conduction
is
reduced to
d 2T
0
2
dx
.
Q
By
dT integration
C1
dx
By another integration
T C1 x C 2
The boundary
are the known
T T1 at conditions
x0
temperatures. That is
T T2 at x L
and,
T1 T2 T1 T2
Q kA
L
L
kA
Evidently for heat conduction in a plane wall,
the thermal resistance takes
the form
.
T1
T2
Q
L
R plane wall
kA
R plane wall L kA
.
Cylindrical pipes:
For one dimensional steady-state
transfer by conduction in a cylindrical
without heat generation, the general
conduction
is reduced to
d 2T 1 dT
0
2
dr
r dr
d 2T dT
r 2
0
dr
dr
d dT
r
0
dr dr
By integration
dT
dT C1
r
C1 or
dr
dr
r
By another integration
heat
pipe
heat
T C1 ln r C 2
Incorporating the relevant boundary
conditions
T T1 at r that
r1
1)T T at r r
2
2
2)
The
are determined as follows
T1 Cconstants
1 ln r1 C 2
T2 C1 ln r2 C 2
By subtraction
r1
T1 T2 C1 ln
r2
T1 T2
T1 T2
C1
r1
r2
ln
ln
r2
r1
C2
The substitution in the equation
of
gives
T1 T2
C 2 T1
ln r1
r
ln 2
r1
When the values of the constants are
substituted
into
the
equation
of
the
temperature distribution, one obtains the
following
expression
for
temperature
distribution
in the
T1 T2
T1 pipe
T2 wall
T
ln r T1
ln r1
r2
r2
ln
ln
r1
r1
T1 T2 r
T T1
ln
r2 r1
ln
r1
r r2
dT C1
T1 T2 1
evaluated at r or r
1
2
dr
r
r2 r
ln
r1
.
T1 T2 1
T1 T2
T1 T2
2kl
Q k 2r1 l
ln r2 r1 ln r2 r1 2kL
ln r2 r1 r1
Then, the thermal resistance for heat
conduction in a cylindrical pipe takes the
form
ln r2 r1
R pipe
2kl
Equivalent thermal
conduction through
pipe is shown in the
.
T1
Q
R pipe
ln r2 r1
2kl
q h Tw T
.
Q hA Tw T
Tw T
1 hA
L
T1 T2 Q
kA
.
1
T2 TB Q
h2 A
.
1
L
1
By
TA addition
TB Q
h1 A kA h2 A
.
equations
can
be
TA TB
Q
1
L
1
h1 A kA h2 A
.
Q UA TA TB
1
h1 A
L
kA
1
h2 A
1
U
1 L 1
h1 k h2
h1 = heat transfer coefficient of surface (1)
[W/m2.K]
= heat transfer film coefficient of wall surface (1)
= individual heat transfer coefficient of wall surface (1)
h2 = heat transfer coefficient of surface (2)
[W/m2.K]
= heat transfer film coefficient of wall surface (2)
= individual heat transfer coefficient of wall surface (2)
k = thermal conductivity of the wall material
[W/m.K]
L = wall thickness [m]
k
The wall conduction Lterm
may often can be
neglected, since a thin wall of large thermal
conductivity is generally used in heat exchangers.
Also, one of the convection coefficients is often
much smaller than the other and hence dominates
determination of the overall heat transfer
coefficient. For example, if one of the fluids is a
gas and the
1 other is a liquid or a liquid-vapor
U
hsmall
mixture
or condensation, the gas1 such
L as
1 boiling
coefficient is much smaller.
side convection
hsmall k hbig
Example 1:
An iron plate of thickness L with thermal
conductivity k is subjected to a constant, uniform
heat flux qo (W/m) at the boundary surface at x =
0. From the other boundary surface at x = L,
heat is dissipated by convection into a fluid at
temperature T with a heat transfer coefficient h.
The figure shows the geometry and the
nomenclature.
Develop an expression for the determination of
the surface temperatures T1 and T2 at the
surfaces x = 0 and x = L. Also, develop an
expression
for
the
overall
heat
transfer
coefficient U.
Calculate the surface temperatures T1 and T2 and
L
1
kA
hA
T1 T
1
L
.
Q
kA
hA
T1 T2 T2 T T1 T
qo
L
1
L 1
k
h
k h
L
kA
1
hA
10
50
350
C
k h
20 500
qo
105
T2 T
50 250o C
h
500
1
1
U
333.33 W / m 2 .o C
L 1 0.02 1
k h 20 500
Note if the wall thickness is 2 mm, then T1 =
260 C, T2 = 250C and U = 476.2 W/m2 C.
1
ho Ao
By addition
.
1
ln ro ri
1
Ti To Q
2kL
ho Ao
hi Ai
.
T2 To Q
Ti To
Q
1
ln ro ri
1
2kL
ho Ao
hi Ai
.
Let Q U A T T U A T T
o o
i
o
i i
i
o
U o Ao U i Ai
Uo = overall heat transfer coefficient based on
the
outer area of pipe.
Ui = overall heat transfer coefficient based on
the
inner area of pipe.
.
Ao = 2ro L, is the outer surface
area of the
Q
pipe.
1
oA
o
AU
=
2r1i L,lnis
ro the
ri
1inner surface area of the
i
pipe. hi Ai
2kL
ho Ao
Upon comparing the two equations of
, one
1
Uo
ro ro ln ro ri 1
hi ri
k
ho
and
U i Ai
1
ln ro ri
1
1
hi Ai
2kL
ho Ao
1
Ui
ri
1 ri ln ro ri
hi
k
ho ro
Example 2:
Steam at 120oC flows in an insulated pipe. The
pipe is made of mild steel (kp =45 W/m.K) and
has an inside radius of 5 cm and an outside
radius of 5.6 cm. The pipe is covered with 2.5
cm layer of magnesia insulation (kin = 0.071
W/m.K). The inside heat transfer coefficient is
85 W/m2.K and the outside heat transfer
coefficient is 12.5 W/m2.K. Determine the
overall heat transfer coefficients Uo and Ui and
the heat transfer rate from the steam per
meter of pipe length, if the surrounding air
temperature is 20oC.
. o
Data: Ti = 120
kp = 45 W/m.K, r1 = 0.05 m,
Q C,
L
r2 = 0.056 m,
r3 = 0.081 m,
kin = 0.071 W/m.K,
hi = 85
Solution:
Uo
r3
r3 ln r2 r1 r3 ln r3 r2 1
hi r1
kp
k in
ho
1
Uo
0.081
0.081 ln 0.056 0.05 0.081 ln 0.081 0.056
1
85 0.05
45
0.071
12.5
Uo
1
0.01906 0.00020 0.4211 0.08
1
Uo
1.944 W / m 2 . K
0.5144
U o Ao U i Ai
Ao
r3
0.081
U i Uo Uo
1.944 3.149 W / m 2 . K
Ai
r1
0.05
Q U o Ao Ti To
.
Q U o 2r3 L Ti To
.
Q
U o 2r3 Ti To
L
.
Q
1.944 2 0.081 120 20 98.94 W / m
L
Fluid combination