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Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lecture, the student should
be able to;
1)Understand thermal stresses and composite
bars.
2)Understand series and parallel bars.
3)Solve problem regarding thermal stresses and
composite bars.
Composite Bars
The composite bar consists of 2 or more
Bar 1
Bar 2
Concept of Load, P
P1 = P2 (Sum of external load distributed evenly to
all bars)
Concept of Extension/Compression, L
L = PL
L = L1 + L2
AE
(Sum of extension/compression of all
bars are added)
Law of Equilibrium
Forces
When all the forces that act upon an object
P
down
Right
=P
Left
up
=P
Example:
Consider the two objects pictured in the force
Exercise 1
P2
P1
5m
3m
Bar
1
Bar
2
L = PL = L
AE
E
P = Load
Concept of Load, P
P = P1 + P2 (Sum of external load distributed to each
bars)
Concept of extension/compression, L
L1 = L2 (Sum of extension/compression are same)
@
P1L1
A1E1
= P2L2
A2E2
1L1
E1
2L2
E2
Exercise 2
An external load of 10KN were hang on two
P = 10 KN
L = LT
Where ;
L = amount of expansion/compression (m)
Constrained
bar
Assumed to
expand freely
Steel
Brass
Steel
Brass
L = LT
The difference of free expansion lengths is
Free length = B LB T - S LS T
= (B - S ) L T
where B > S
follow;
Conclusion 1
Extension of steel + compression brass = difference in
free length
S LS / Es + B LB / EB = (B - S ) L T
Because L = LB = LS therefore,
S / Es + S / Es = (B - S )T
Conclusion 2
The tensile force applied to the short member by
S A S = B A B
These are two equations with two unknowns
1 L1 / E1 + 2 L2 / E2 + . = 1L1T + 2L2T
+ .
ii) Parallel Bar
L (due to load) = L (due to temp)
S / Es + S / Es = (B - S )T