Fabrication of Steam Power

Plant
Under the guidance of
Internal guide name:
External guide name:

By
M.Srikar(11C91A0361)
V.Saikumar(11C91A03A8)
M.Vinaykumar(11C91A0365)
MD.Shareef(11C91A0371)

AIM of the Project

A thermal or steam power plant basically works on
Rankine cycle i.e. here heat is converted into work. This
cycle generates about 90% of all electric power used
throughout the world. The two most common heating
processes used in these power plants are nuclear fission
and the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas,
and oil. The Rankine cycle is sometimes referred to as a
practical Carnot cycle because, when an efficient turbine is
used, the TS diagram (Temperature entropy diagram)
begins to resemble the Carnot cycle. The main difference
is that heat addition (in the boiler) and rejection (in the
condenser) are isobaric in the Rankine cycle and
isothermal in the theoretical Carnot cycle.

 Water can be heated by any external mean

(nuclear fission or combustion of coal, natural oil
or gas) and generated steam is used to rotate the
blades of the turbine. Tubes are used to carry
steam from heater to the blade of turbine.
Generated steam should not carry moisture
because moisture can damage the turbine. The
turbine is connected to the shaft of the dc
generator with a gear ratio of 5:24. When the
turbine will rotate the dc generator will generate
voltage.

 This voltage is given input to the CD4047

astable/monostabe multivibrator IC. Astable
mode is selected to generate AC voltage
with 50Hz frequency. This AC output is
connected to IRF540 n-channel power
MOSFET to amplify the voltage output.
This output is connected to step up
transformer to et 230V AC output at 50 Hz
frequency.

The major building blocks of this project

Water Heater
Water vessel
Steam tube or pipe
turbine
DC generator
Unidirectional Current controller (IN4007 diode)
Rechargeable Battery
Inverter (CD4047 IC)
Amplifier (IRF 540 n-channel power MOSFET)
AC load

Design of Steam power plant

Heater
Water
Vessel

Steam
Tube/pipe

Step down
Transformer

Primary
distribution
system
Transformer
DC drive

Turbine

Step up
Transformer
Transmission
lines

Transformer

DC
generator
Inverter
with
Generation
part

Unidirectional
current
controller
Rechargeabl
e Battery

Residential load
Ring main
secondary
distribution
Domestic load

Commercial load

DC motor

In any electric motor, operation is based on simple

electromagnetism. A current-carrying conductor generates a
magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external
magnetic field, it will experience a force proportional to the
current in the conductor, and to the strength of the external
magnetic field.

Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (armature),

stator, commutator, field magnet's, and brushes. In most
common DC motors the external magnetic field is produced by
high-strength permanent magnets.

The stator is the stationary part of the motor -- this includes

the motor casing, as well as two or more permanent magnet
pole pieces. The rotor (together with the axle and attached
commutator) rotate with respect to the stator. The rotor
consists of windings (generally on a core), the windings
being electrically connected to the commutator.

Advantages of DC motor:
High output power relative to motor size and weight.
Encoder determines accuracy and resolution.
High efficiency. It can approach 90% at light loads.
High torque to inertia ratio. It can rapidly accelerate loads.
Has "reserve" power. 2-3 times continuous power for short
periods.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

PWM
PWM stands for Pulse Width Modulation
This technique is used to either increase or decrease the
ON time of the pulse waveform (i.e., changing the duty
cycle).

LED INDICATORS
Led indicators have a life of at least ten years and
consume 90 per cent less power than conventional indicators.
Depending on the type of the materials (Ga,As,p) led will
gives the output in different colors (red, Yellow, green etc..)
LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are
available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths,
with very high brightness.

LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices, and are

increasingly used for lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic
component

REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

Every embedded system requires dc voltage and that that will
be 5v supply
We are getting 230v, 50 Hz in our house hold applications.
We can be used to operate the home appliances like T.V,
cooler, fan, lights
Digital electronic devices need digital supply and we can
get supply from regulated power supply block

230 v AC

Step down
transformer
(V-0-12 )

Bridge
rectifier

Capacitive
filter

Regulator
(7805)

+5V DC

TRANSFORMER

Transformer is a electromagnetic device which

induces the voltage due to magnetic field
present between primary and secondary windings.

It has two windings called as primary winding and

secondary winding. We are giving input 230v input
voltage at primary side. The output of transformer
is 12v(ac only).

We have two types of transformers

Step up transformer.
Step down transformer.

STEP UP TRANSFORMER

STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

This transformer will

step up the voltage that is
this transformer will
increase the voltage.

This type of transformers

will step down the voltage.
That is this will convert high
voltage in to low voltage.

e.g.. V-0-12

e.g.. 0- 430

RECTIFIER
Rectifier is circuit which converts the ac in to dc. We have two
types of rectifier.
1. Full wave rectifier
2. Half wave rectifier
Full wave rectifier again classified as follows
1. Bridge rectifier
2. Cetertapped full wave rectifier

In this project we are using bridge rectifier because the

efficiency of the bridge rectifier is high compare to all
rectifiers.

Filter
The output of rectifier is not pure DC. It may contain
some ripple components that is pulsating DC. To
eliminate this ripple components which are present in
output we are using filter.
Filter is a circuit which is used to eliminate the
ripples present in rectified output.
We have many types of filters. Most of the power
supplies are using capacitor filter to filter out the
ripples present in output.

Regulator
The output of filter is not constant output voltage it will varies
according to changes in input but we want constant output voltage.
For this purpose we are using voltage regulator.
Regulator is defined as it is a device which will maintain constant
output irrespective of changes in input.
The most popular regulator series is 78xx series. This series have
more advantages.
We are using 7805 voltage regulator to maintain constant 5v output
voltage irrespective of changes in input voltage.

MOSFET
The metaloxidesemiconductor field-effect transistor
(MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET) is a transistor used for
amplifying or switching electronic signals.
Although the MOSFET is a four-terminal device with source
(S), gate (G), drain (D), and body (B) terminals, the body (or
substrate) of the MOSFET often is connected to the source
terminal, making it a three-terminal device like other fieldeffect transistors.
When two terminals are connected to each other (shortcircuited) only three terminals appear in electrical diagrams.
The MOSFET is by far the most common transistor in both
digital and analog circuits, though the bipolar junction
transistor was at one time much more common.

Mono Stable Multi

Vibrator
IC CD 4047 is mainly used in Inverter circuits.
It's very compact and has a very high life in
inverter circuits. CD4047B consists of a
gatable astable multi vibrator with logic
techniques incorporated to permit positive or
negative edge-triggered mono stable multi
vibrator action with retriggering and external
counting options. CD 4047 is the low power
Mono stable / Astable Multi vibrator that
require only an external capacitor and a
resistor to give the output pulses.
The values of these components determine the
output pulse width in the Monostable mode
and output frequency in the Astable mode.

Cont.
Multivibrator creates an electrical signal
that changes state on a regular basis
(astable) or on demand (monostable). One
of the benefits of the 4047 is being able
to do so as well, but with fewer external
components.

Features

Lower power consumption: special CMOS

oscillator configuration
Monostable (one-shot) or astable (freerunning) operation
True and complemented buffered outputs

Working Procedure:
Make sure that the slider button is in the on position and the LED
indicator is glowing to indicate that the inverter kit is in ON
condition.
Rechargeable battery which is connected to the kit via diode (to
make the current unidirectional) will get charged.
IC4047 will get DC voltage from battery and it will convert it into
square wave with 50Hz frequency. (It is already selected in astable
mode so it will give square wave o/p at 10th and 11th pin)
IRF540 (MOSFET) is working as an amplifier. Here two MOSFETs
are used to get low voltage ac from 10th and 11th pin of IC4047.
This MOSFET will convert it into 12V AC and feed it to step up
transformer.
The step up transformer will convert 12V ac into 230V ac and feed
it to 0watt, 230V bulb. In between the bulb and the transformer one
0.1uf,600V capacitor is placed to filter out the harmonics from ac
voltage.
So, finally the bulb will go.

Advantages

This system helps in energy generation.

Design of an Inverter .
Efficient and low cost design.
Easy to operate.

Disadvantages

This system requires periodic monitoring

and maintenance.
This system fails to work if the load is
heavy.
Status of operated devices is not known.

Future scope of this project

The maximum allowed output power of an inverter depends on
two factors.
The maximum current rating of the transformer primary and
the current rating of the driving transistors.
For example, to get a 100 Watt output using 12 V car battery
the primary current will be ~8A ,(100/12) because P=VxI. So
the primary of transformer must be rated above 8A.
Also here, each final driver transistors must be rated above
4A. Here two will be conducting parallel in each half cycle, so
I=8/2 = 4A .