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4 Analysing Transformers
Transformer:- Equipment used to raise or lower the potential
difference of an alternating current supply
Electrical appliances need different voltages
(TV tubes -15 KV, radio 12 V)
Important in the transmission and distribution of electrical energy
When the current in the primary circuit increases and decreases this
will cause a change of magnetic flux across the secondary coil and
induces an e.m.f.
This induced e.m.f. also varies in magnitude and direction, as a
result it is also a sinusoidal alternating voltage with the same
frequency as the input source.
Why does the transformer not work with a d.c. power supply?
On what condition current can be induced in the secondary coil
using d.c.?
Answer:
A d.c. power supply will cause no changing magnetic flux in the
secondary coil, because it gives a constant current in the primary
circuit. Therefore electromagnetic induction does not take place
The primary current changes only at the instants when it is
switched on and off. A current will be induced in the secondary
coil if the switch in the primary coil is switched on and off
continually.
Types of Transformer
Step-up Transformer
Vs Vp
Ns Np
Step-down Transformer
Vs Vp
Ns Np
Step-up transformer
Type of circuit
Primary circuit
Secondary circuit
Number of turns
120
400
Brightness of bulb
Dim
Bright
Voltmeter reading
2.0V
6.5 V
Step-down transformer
Type of circuit
Primary circuit
Secondary circuit
Number of turns
400
120
Brightness of bulb
Bright
Dim
Voltmeter reading
2.0 V
0.6 V
Np
Ns
Vp
Vs
Ns/Np
Vs/Vp
300
600
2.0
3.8
2.00
1.90
300
900
2.0
5.9
3.00
2.95
900
600
10.0
6.6
0.67
0.66
900
300
10.0
3.2
0.33
0.32
Example:
The figure below shows an ideal transformer
Efficiency of a Transformer
The efficiency is defined as
E= [Output power/Input power ] x 100%
E= [ VsIs / Vp Ip ] x 100%.
In the process of transfer electrical energy from one circuit to
another a faction of it is lost as heat energy
Efficiency of transformer is normally less than 100%
Ideal Transformer
No energy loss, all the energy supplied to the primary coil will be
transferred to the secondary coil
Has efficiency of 100%
Output power = Input power
VsIs = Vp Ip or
Vs / Vp = Ip / Is
Example:
Figure below shows a transformer with a bulb at its output
terminals. The bulb lights up with normal brightness.
Example:
Answer:
(a) Efficiency= [Output power / Input power ] x 100%
80% = [24/ Input power ]x 100%
Input power = 100/80 x 24= 30 W
( Total output power = V I =24 (I1+I2)
= 24(12/24+12/24)
=24x1=24W
OR total output power is= 12W+12W=24 W
(b) Vs /Vp =Ns /Np
Ns/Np =24/240
=1/10
(c)P = VI
I = P/V =30/240 = 1/8 A
Example:
Refer to the diagrams below
a). Name the type of transformer.
b). What is the reading on the voltmeter when the primary coil
terminals are connected to of 120 V a .c power supply?
c). Two identical bulbs with the same rating of 12V, 6W are connected
to the output terminals as shown in the right diagram.
(i) Will each bulb light up with normal brightness? Explain.
(ii) Find the current flowing through each bulb.
(ii) How much is the current flowing through the primary coil, if the
efficiency of the transformer is 90%?
Answer:
a). Step-down transformer, because Ns Np
b). Vs /Vp =Ns /Np Vs =Ns/Np x Vp
=120/600 x120 =24 V
c). i) Yes, each bulb will light up with normal brightness, because
the potential difference across each bulb is 12 V.
ii). From P = VI ,
hence 6 = 12 x Is
Is = 0.5A
iii). Efficiency= [ VsIs / Vp Ip ] x 100%
90% = Vs Is/VpIp x 100%
Ip = [24 x0.5/120 ]x 100/90
=0.111 A