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University of Hertfordshire 2009 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License.
Contents
Modulation
What is modulation?
Modulation is the process by which
message signals are transformed into
higher frequency waveforms that are
compatible with the characteristics of
the channel
Why modulate?
Types of modulation
M o d u la t io n
A n a lo g u e M o d u la t io n
D ig it a l M o d u la t io n
Modulation
techniques for
analogue signals
Modulation
techniques for
digital signals
Digital Modulation
c(t ) A cos( t )
where
c
c
c
Ac = amplitude in volts (V)
c = angular or radian frequency in rads -1
c = phase in radian (rad)
Alternatively, since
where fc
2f
(t ) Acincos(
2(Hz)
f c t c )
=c
frequency
hertz
8
+A
Tc
-A
F re q u e n c y
S h ift K e y in g
FSK
Changing
Changing
frequency
amplitude
(Ac) of carrier (fc) of carrier
according to according to
modulating
modulating
signal
signal
P hase
S h ift K e y in g
PSK
Q u a d ra tu re
A m p litu d e
M o d u la tio n ( Q A M )
Changing
phase (c) of
carrier
according to
modulating
signal
Combination
of ASK and
PSK
10
y (t ) m(t ) c(t )
m(t)
y(t)
c(t)
11
Information
or message
or baseband
data
Carrier wave
or carrier
OOK waveform
(bandpass
signal)
12
Information
or message
or baseband
data
Carrier wave
or carrier
BFSK waveform
(bandpass
signal)
14
c1(t)=A cos(2f1t)
m(t)
m(t)
BFSK
signal
c2(t)=A cos(2f2t)
Schematic of BFSK
modulator: as the
combination of two OOK
signals
15
c(t ) Ac cos(2f c t c )
c(t)
+A
Tc
-A
One period,Tc
Equivalent to a complete
turn phase angle
c= 0 rad (=0)
c(t+ /2)
c= /2 rad (=90)
t
c(t+
c(t+ 3/2)
c= rad (=180)
17
c(t ) Ac cos(2f c t c )
Binary PSK (BPSK) represents ones
and zeros by shifting the phase by 1
and 2
Binary zero phase 1 (0 rad or 0)
Binary one phase 2 ( rad or 180)
18
Information
or message
or baseband
data
Carrier wave
or carrier
BPSK waveform
(bandpass
signal)
19
=0 rad =0
= rad
= 2 rad =360
=180
=3/2 rad
=270
20
=/2
Decision region 2
Decision boundary
Decision region 1
m2
m1
=0
=3/2
21
Decision boundary
Decision region 2
m2
Decision region 1
Decision region 3
m3
m1
=0
m4
Decision region 4
Decision boundary
=3/2
22
Region 4
Signal
constellation
for 8-PSK
=/2
Region 2
m3
m4
=
Region 5
m2
m5
m1
m6
Region 6
m8
=0
Region 1
m7
=3/2
Region 7
Region 8
23
2E
mi (t )
cos c t i (t )
T
2i
i (t )
M
PSK Coding
BPSK: each state (m1, m2) is
represented by one digit (0, 1)
QPSK: each state (m1, m2, m3, m4)
is represented by two digits (00, 01,
10, 11)
8PSK: each state is presented by
three digits (000, 001, 010, 011,
100, 101, 110, 111)
Etc
25
QPSK Implementation
27
28
29
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Reading list
Sklar, B., (2001), Digital
Communications: Fundamentals and
Applications, Prentice Hall, 2nd
Edition: sections 4.1 4.2
Glover, I.A & Grant P.M., (2004),
Digital Communications, Pearson
Prentice Hall, 2nd Edition: sections
11.1 11.3
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This resource was created by the University of Hertfordshire and released as an open educational resource through the Open Engineering
Resources project of the HE Academy Engineering Subject Centre. The Open Engineering Resources project was funded by HEFCE and part
of the JISC/HE Academy UKOER programme.
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