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Black Carbon Pollution
By:
Group 1
12MEE0001,02,03,19
Introduction
Contd..
Reducing black carbon could help keep the climate system from
passing the tipping points for abrupt climate changes, including
significant sea-level rise from the disintegration of the Greenland
and Antarctic ice sheets as well it is required for reducing health
problems related to black carbon emissions.
Contd..
Soots??
Factors..
Diesel engines.
- used in transportation and industries.
Residential cooking and heating stoves.
- wood, coal and charcoal.
Open forest and savanna burning.
- both natural and man made.
Industrial processes.
- small boilers, industrial smokestacks
10%
24%
42%
24%
Effects
climatic and Environmental
Black carbon emissions directly absorb energy when suspended in the
atmosphere and When deposited on high albedo surfaces like ice and
snow, they cause melting that over long periods of time reduces the total
surface albedo available to reflect solar energy back into space.
indirectly cause changes in the absorption or reflection of solar radiation
through changes in the properties and behavior of clouds.
Through changes in the Radiative Energy Balance of the climate system,
BC causes temperature changes in the atmosphere.
Due to BC emissions on the combined direct and indirect snow albedo, it
is the third largest contributor to globally averaged positive radiative
forcing since the pre-industrial period and contributed to the second
largest globally averaged radiative forcing after carbon dioxide (CO 2).
Component
IPCC (2007)
Hansen, et
al. (2005)
CO2
1.66
1.50
Black Carbon
0.05-0.55
0.8
CH4
0.48
0.55
Tropospheric
Ozone
0.35
0.40
Halocarbons
0.34
0.30
N2O
0.16
0.15
Estimated Climate
Forcings (W/m2)
Effects on humans..
Case studies..
1. Effects of Black Carbon Emissions on Arctic
ice and Himalayan glaciers.
Contd..
Warmer air resulting from the presence of black carbon in South and
East Asia over the Himalayas contributes to a warming of approximately
0.6 C.
Snow sampling at Mt. Everest (Himalayas) suggested that BC deposited
in some Himalayan glaciers may reduce the surface albedo by 0.01-0.02.
There was an analysis of the temperature trends on the Tibetan side of
the Himalayas which revealed that there was a warming in excess of 1
C.
BC recorded on a shallow ice core drilled from the East Rongbuk glacier
showed a dramatic increasing trend of BC concentrations in the ice
stratigraphy since the 1990s, and simulated average radiative forcing
caused by BC was nearly 2 W/m 2 in 2002.
This is the causing factor for the accelerating retreat of Himalayan
glaciers.
Darkening trends were seen in the mid-Himalaya glaciers since 2000,
due to deposition of black carbon and light absorbing impurities like dust
in the springtime
Recent studies shows that there has been a tendency toward increased
summer floods in south China, increased drought in north China and
moderate cooling in China and India while most of the world
has been warming.
Contd
Control technologies.
References
Thank you