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CHAPTER OUTLINE
The Aggregate Supply Curve
The Aggregate Supply Curve: A Warning
Aggregate Supply in the Short Run
Shifts of the Short-Run Aggregate Supply Curve
Causes of Inflation
Demand-Pull Inflation
Cost-Push, or Supply-Side, Inflation
Expectations and Inflation
Money and Inflation
Sustained Inflation as a Purely Monetary Phenomenon
Looking Ahead
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At some level the overall economy is using all its capital and
all the labor that wants to work at the market wage. At this
level (Y*), the AS curve is vertical.
At low levels of output, the AS curve is flatter. Small price
increases may be associated with relatively large output
responses. We may observe relatively sticky wages upward
at this point on the AS curve.
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E C O N O M I C S I N PRAC TI C E
The Simple Keynesian Aggregate Supply Curve
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FIGURE 28.6 A Shift of the Aggregate Demand Curve When the Economy Is Operating At or Near
Maximum Capacity
If a shift of aggregate demand occurs while the economy is operating near full capacity, the
result will be an increase in the price level with little increase in output from point B to point
B.
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The longer the lag time between wages and output prices, the greater
the potential impact of monetary and fiscal policy on aggregate output.
Some argue that wages do not fall during slack periods and that the
economy can get stuck at an equilibrium below potential output. In
this case, monetary and fiscal policy would be necessary to restore full
employment.
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Causes of Inflation
Demand-Pull Inflation
demand-pull inflation Inflation that is
initiated by an increase in aggregate demand.
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Causes of Inflation
Cost-Push, or Supply-Side, Inflation
cost-push, or supply-side, inflation Inflation caused by an increase in costs.
FIGURE 28.7 Cost-Push, or Supply-Side,
Inflation
stagflation Occurs when output is falling at the same time that prices are rising.
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Causes of Inflation
Cost-Push, or Supply-Side, Inflation
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Causes of Inflation
Expectations and Inflation
When firms are making their price/output decisions, their expectations
of future prices may affect their current decisions. If a firm expects that
its competitors will raise their prices, it may raise its own price.
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E C O N O M I C S I N PRAC TI C E
Inflationary Expectations in China
Expectations that prices
will rise can be selffulfilling as firms raise
prices in expectation that
all other prices will rise.
Causes of Inflation
Money and Inflation
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Causes of Inflation
Sustained Inflation as a Purely Monetary Phenomenon
Virtually all economists agree that an increase in the price level can be
caused by anything that causes the AD curve to shift to the right or the
AS curve to shift to the left.
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Since interest rates cannot go below zero, the ability of the Fed to
stimulate the economy when interest rates are zero is severely limited.
Its main way of stimulating the economy is to lower interest rates,
which stimulates plant and equipment investment as well as
consumption of durable goods and housing investment.
This option is not available when interest rates are near zero. In this
case, stimulus must come primarily from fiscal policy.
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Looking Ahead
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R E V I E W TE R M S AN D C O N C E PTS
aggregate supply
aggregate supply (AS) curve
cost-push, or supply-side, inflation
cost shock, or supply shock
demand-pull inflation
inflation targeting
potential output, or potential GDP
stagflation
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