1.

Adequate Coupling

1. speed of testing
2. easy automation

2.Angulation of the probe1. Subsurface defect

detection
2. Choice of
angles(SWT)
3. Absence of surface wave
Convenience of
testing
1.Conventional
4. Less wear
Use of high frequency
2. Semi or squirter method or bubbler
probes
method
3. Pseudo immersion 0r rubber wheel
search units

Bridge and manipulator

Bubbler squirter method-semi

Wheel type search unit-pseudo

Water path distance

What is the position of defect echoin the CRT in
normal probe
Where do you look for defect signal in the case of
angle probe
Water path distance in immersion testing

Water path distance = thickness of specimen x Wave

velocity in water/ Wave
velocity in material

Water path for a particular depth

Wp = F.L in water - depth X V in mat / vel in
water
To make lens
R = f ( 1- C1 / C
material

) C1- V in liquid : Cs - V in lens

Through Transmission method - Shadow technique

Two separate probes are used
One to transmit and other to receive ie one
probe is a transmitter probe and other is a
receiver probe (which is a good T and which is a
good R). What is a TR probe.
They are kept on the opposite sides of the
specimen to be tested in alignment that is they
face each other. Coupling on both sides is
necessary.
They are moved in synchronisation.
In
a flaw
free specimen,
the amplitude
The
amplitude
or the energy
of the (intensity)
US waves
reduction
is the
minimal
andcrystal
that isisonly
due to the
received by
receiver
measured.
attenuation loss. However when there is a planar
flaw oriented normal to the propagating
ultrasonic waves, the reduction is amplitude
(intensity) is very large. Why?
This large reduction in intensity, indicates the

One limitation or disadvantage of the method is

two side accessibility What is the other major
disadvantage or limitation of the method (see the
transparency)
Advantages of the method: high attenuation
materials ??
Near surface
defects ??
Bond integrity testing
Layered structures
(FRP)
Mainly for bonding
This method is shadow (aircraft
method structures)
because like
radiography, intensity variations are monitored.
What type of wave is used
The monitoring of intensity variation along with
variation in phase angle is the principle of
acoustic microscopy

Resonance techniqu not much used except for bond integrity testing

What is resonance : condition for resonance

Resonance or Stationary Waves

Resonance method
is used in thickness
measurement.
Resonance is a
character of
vibrating body ,
usually it applies
when the thickness
of the material is
/2 or more.

Controlling the
wavelength is
achieved by
adjusting the
frequency,
Which will
produce
condition of
resonance in
determining
thick.. Of plate.