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04.05.15 10:10
04.05.15 10:10
LE
04.05.15 10:10
LE
Sampling
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
Audio Signal
time
Sampler Output
Pulse Amplitude
Modulated (PAM)
signal
04.05.15 10:10
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
time
112
96
80
64
48
32
digital codes
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-V
In accordance with
CCITTs A-law
04.05.15 10:10
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1/2V
1/4V
1/8V
1/16V
1/32V
1/64
V
0 0 0 0 X X X X
0 0 0 1 X X X X
0 0 1 0 X X X X
+V
8000
samples
per sec
04.05.15 10:10
8
bits per
sample
64kbit/s
04.05.15 10:10
Japan
5.
Europe
397200
397200kbit/s
kbit/s
564992
564992kbit/s
kbit/s
x4
4.
x4
97728
97728kbit/s
kbit/s
274176
274176kbit/s
kbit/s
x3
3.
x4
44736
44736kbit/s
kbit/s
x5
34368
34368kbit/s
kbit/s
x4
x7
8448
8448kbit/s
kbit/s
6312
6312kbit/s
kbit/s
x3
x4
primary rate
x3
x6
32064
32064kbit/s
kbit/s
2. order
139264
139264kbit/s
kbit/s
x4
2048
2048kbit/s
kbit/s
1544
1544kbit/s
kbit/s
x 24
x 30/31
64
64kbit/s
kbit/s
04.05.15 10:10
1
30
DSMX
64k/2
30
PCMX 30
15 kHz
Sound Program
Signals
1
5
PCMX 30
64
30
04.05.15 10:10
DSMX
34/140
DSMX
8/34
DSMX
2/8
Channel Capacity:
64 x 30 = 1920
1 2
3 4
04.05.15 10:10
signalling
information
encoded voice / data signals
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
time
slots
10
1 2
3 4
1
Si
Si
(M)
Sa Sa Sa
4
5
6
Sa Sa
7 8
signalling
information
encoded voice / data signals
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
time
slots
FAS
(frames 0,2,4...)
NFAS
(frames 1,3,5...)
04.05.15 10:10
11
signalling
information
Si
(M)
1 2
0
3 4
1
Sa Sa Sa
4
5
6
Sa Sa
7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
FAS
(frames 0,2,4...)
NFAS
(frames 1,3,5...)
MFAS
b
time
slots
frame 0
NMFAS
c
signalling
subscr. n
signalling
subscr. n+15
Si: Reserved for international use
Sa4: Non urgent Alarm (0=Alarm)
A: Remote alarm (1=urgent Alarm)
Y: Remote MF alarm (1=Alarm)
E: CRC error indication (0=Error)
Sa4 to Sa8: Spare bits or used for message based
data links (point-to-point applications)
FAS: Frame alignment signal (0011011)
NFAS: Not frame alignment signal
04.05.15 10:10
12
fr 0
fr 1
fr 2
fr 3
fr 4
fr 5
multiframe
fr 6
fr 7
fr 8
fr 9
fr 10
sub multiframe 1
Si
Si
(M)
1 2
0
3 4
1
Sa Sa Sa
4
5
6
Sa Sa
7 8
fr 12
fr 13
fr 14
fr 15
sub multiframe 2
signalling
information
fr 11
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
FAS
(frames 0,2,4...)
NFAS
(frames 1,3,5...)
MFAS
b
time
slots
frame 0
NMFAS
c
signalling
subscr. n
signalling
subscr. n+15
Si: Reserved for international use
Sa4: Non urgent Alarm (0=Alarm)
A: Remote alarm (1=urgent Alarm)
Y: Remote MF alarm (1=Alarm)
Sa4 to Sa8: Spare bits or used for message based
data links (point-to-point applications)
FAS: Frame alignment signal (0011011)
NFAS: Not frame alignment signal
04.05.15 10:10
13
fr 0
fr 1
fr 2
fr 3
fr 4
fr 5
multiframe
fr 6
fr 7
fr 8
fr 9
fr 10
sub multiframe 1
Si
Si
(M)
3 4
1
Sa Sa Sa
4
5
6
Sa Sa
7 8
NFAS
(frames 1,3,5...)
FAS
NFAS
C1
0
0
1
0
1
1 0
A Sa Sa Sa
1 1
Sa Sa
6
7
8
9
FAS
NFAS
FAS
NFAS
C4
1
C1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1 0
A Sa Sa Sa
0
1
1 0
A Sa Sa Sa
1
Sa
1
Sa
14
15
FAS
NFAS
C4
E2
0
1
1
1 0
Sa Sa Sa
1
Sa
1
Sa
1 1
Sa Sa
fr 15
FAS
(frames 0,2,4...)
0
1
04.05.15 10:10
fr 14
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
0
A
fr 13
signalling
information
fr 12
sub multiframe 2
fr 11
MFAS
b
frame 0
NMFAS
c
signalling
subscr. n
time
slots
signalling
subscr. n+15
Si: Reserved for international use
Sa4: Non urgent Alarm (0=Alarm)
A: Remote alarm (1=urgent Alarm)
Y: Remote MF alarm (1=Alarm)
E: CRC error indication (0=Error)
M: Transmitting CRC multiframe alignment signal
( CRC MFAS: 001011 )
Sa4 to Sa8: Spare bits or used for message based
data links (point-to-point applications)
FAS: Frame alignment signal (0011011)
NFAS: Not frame alignment signal
14
200
208
1a 2a 3a 4a
1 1
1 0
1 0
04.05.15 10:10
208
1b 2b 3b 4b
4 4
1c
204
2c 3c 4c s1 s2 s3 s4
A N
A: Alarm Bit
N: National Spare Bit
1a: Stuffing Control Bit
S: Stuffing Bit
15
200
208
1a 2a 3a 4a
1 1
1 0
1 0
208
4 4
1b 2b 3b 4b
1c
204
A: Alarm Bit
N: National Spare Bit
1a: Stuffing Control Bit
S: Stuffing Bit
2c 3c 4c s1 s2 s3 s4
A N
34.368 kbit/s; frame length 1536 bit; 44.7 us; ITU-T G.751
10 2
372
380
1a 2a 3a 4a
1 1
1 0
04.05.15 10:10
380
1b 2b 3b 4b
1c
2c 3c 4c
376
s1 s2 s3 s4
A N
16
472
484
1a 2a 3a 4a
1 1 1
1 0 1 0 0 0 0
04.05.15 10:10
484
1b 2b 3b 4b
0 A N N N
484
1c 2c 3c 4c
484
1d 2d 3d 4d
4 4
480
1e 2e 3e 4e s1 s2 s3 s4
A: Alarm Bit
N: National Spare Bit
1a,b,c,d: Stuffing Control Bit
S: Stuffing Bit
17
LOS
LOF
AIS
PDH
Equipment
AIS
D-Bit
BER 10-3
BER 10-6
PDH
Equipment
AIS
D-Bit
N-Bit
04.05.15 10:10
18
140 Mbit/s
main
OLTU
OLTU
OLTU
OLTU
34 - 140
34 - 140
34 - 140
34 - 140
8 - 34
8 - 34
8 - 34
8 - 34
2-8
2-8
2-8
2-8
stand-by
1,2 ................. 64
Line Terminating
Unit
04.05.15 10:10
1,2 ................. 64
Line Terminating
Unit
19
04.05.15 10:10
20
Why SDH
Simpler multiplexing
(low SDH level can be directly identified from higher SDH level)
04.05.15 10:10
21
TM
2Mbit/s
STM-1
ADM
STM-1, STM-4
2Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
ATM
Switch
ADM
STM-4/-16
ADM
STM-1
140Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
8Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
DXC
LAN
04.05.15 10:10
DSC
2Mbit/s
STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
STM-1
STM-4
22
Path Denominations
Lower Order Path
Higher Order Path
Multiplex
Section
VC-2
VC-1
VC-4
VC-4
VC-3
Reg
STM-n
RSOH
SMX
VC-3
SMX
VC-12
Regenerator
Sections
VC-4
VC-4
VC-3
VC-3
VC-2
VC-12
VC-1
VC-2
VC-1
STM-n
RSOH
STM-n MSOH
VC-4/3 POH
VC-1/2/3 POH
04.05.15 10:10
24
NNI
NNI
04.05.15 10:10
SDH
MUX /
DEMUX
PDH
CC
MUX /
DEMUX
SDH
(NNI)
PDH
NNI
ITU-T Rec.:
G.707
G.708
G.709
G.703
G.957
Bitrates
Signal Structure (NNI)
Synchronous Multiplex Structure
Electrical characteristic
Optical interface characteristic
25
04.05.15 10:10
26
transmit
row by row
RSOH
3
4
Payload
AU Pointer
(transport capacity)
MSOH
9
04.05.15 10:10
28
C-4
04.05.15 10:10
29
VC-4 POH
VC-4
04.05.15 10:10
C-4
30
AU-4
AU Pointer
VC-4 POH
VC-4
04.05.15 10:10
C-4
31
3
4
5
RSOH
AU Pointer
MSOH
04.05.15 10:10
AU-4
VC-4
VC-4 POH
270
C-4
32
11111
STM-1 #2
22222
STM-1 #3
33333
STM-1 #4
STM-4
12341234123412 . . . .
44444
B1
B2
termination
B1
B2
new
33
Payload
A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 J0 Z0 Z0 Z0 X X X X X X X X
B1
E1
F1 X X X X X X X X X X X X
D1
D2
D3 X
A U Pointers
B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1
K2
D4
D5
D5
D7
D8
D9
D
10
D
11
D
12
S1Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 E2 E2 X X X X X X X X X X X
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
34
04.05.15 10:10
35
Synchronous Network
Path
Multiplex Section
Regenerator Section
PDH
CC
MUX /
DEMUX
SDH
Regenerator Section
SDH
SDH
MUX /
DEMUX
Multiplex Section
Reg.
PDH
back-up line
clock
clock
clock
B2
Parity Bytes
B2
B1
B3
Comm.
Channels
04.05.15 10:10
F2
B1
36
Z1
A1
A2
E1
D2
Y
H2
B2 K1
D5
D8
D11
Z1
Z2
A2
1
Z2
A2
J0
F1
D3
1
H3
K2
D6
D9
D12
M 1 E2
X
X
X
X
H3
H3
VC-3/4 POH
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
V5
J2
N2
K4
RSOH
Pointer
VC-11/12/ 2 POH
MSOH
P O H
AU - PTR
A1
B1
D1
H1
B2
D4
D7
D10
S1
Payload
37
A1 A1 A2 A2 A2
E1
D2
AU - Pointer
B2 B2 B2 K1
D4
D5
D7
D8
D10
D11
S1
M1
J0
F1
D3
K2
D6
D9
D12
E2
Frame Alignment
Section Trace
(A1, A2)
(J0 Identfication
of regenerator source)
Parity check
04.05.15 10:10
38
A1 A1 A2 A2 A2
E1
D2
AU - Pointer
B2 B2 B2 K1
D4
D5
D7
D8
D10
D11
S1
M1
J0
F1
D3
K2
D6
D9
D12
E2
04.05.15 10:10
(K1, K2 Bytes)
39
Parity check
B3, V5/ BIP-2 calculated by path terminating point
VC-11/12/2
POH
V5
J2
N2
K4
Structure of the VC
Signal label C2
04.05.15 10:10
40
04.05.15 10:10
41
04.05.15 10:10
42
A1, A2
B1, B2
J0
D1... D3
D4.. D12
E1, E2
F1
K1, K2
S1
M1
Frame synchronisation
Parity bytes for transmission error monitoring
Regenerator section trace
Regenerator section DCC
Multiplex section DCC
Orderwire for voice communication
User channel for maintenance purposes (data, voice)
Automatic protection switching (APS)
Synchronisation status message
MS-REI (remote error idication)
VC-3/4
POH
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2, F3
H4
K3
N1
VC-1/2
POH
V5
J2
N2
K4
04.05.15 10:10
43
140Mbit/s
Container
Container
C4
Path Overhead
Virtual
Virtual Container
Container
VC-4
Administrative
Administrative Unit
Unit
AU-4
Pointer
Section Overhead
Synchronous
Synchronous Transport
Transport Module
Module
04.05.15 10:10
STM-1
44
Pointers
The pointer technology provides a means to accommodate timing differences at SDH
networks.
The pointer indicates the start of the payload within a STM-1frame.
STM-1
AU-Pointer
VC-4
TUPTR
VC-4 POH
VC-12
VC-12
POH
04.05.15 10:10
45
NDF,
mapping struc,
pointer inc/dec
H2
H3
Pointer
inc/dec
IDIDIDID
H3
H3
Opportunity for
negative stuffing
(more capacity)
Opportunity for
positive stuffing
(less capacity)
J1
C4 payload
Pointer interpretation :
H1 byte
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
H2 byte
N N
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
S S
X X
X X
1 1
X X
X X
1 1
X X
X X
1 0
X
X
0
X
X
0
X
X
0
X
X
0
46
270
RSOH
Actual pointer
H1
H2
H3
Start of VC-4
MSOH
Pointer with
inverted D bits
125s
RSOH
H1
H2
H3
MSOH
250s
RSOH
H1
H2
MSOH
New pointer
375s
RSOH
H1
H2
H3
MSOH
500s
04.05.15 10:10
47
261
RSOH
260
AU Pointer
MSOH
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
K3
Z5
48
J1
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
=IIIIIIII
= RRRRRRRR
I = Information bit
S = Justification opportunity bit
04.05.15 10:10
= CRRRROOO
= I I I I I I SR
O = Overhead bit
49
Mapping 34 Mbit/s
Container C-4 contains 3 times a 34 Mbit/s PDH Tributary (ETSI structure)
9
261
RSOH
260
AU Pointer
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
K3
Z5
MSOH
VC-4 POH
H1 H1 H1
H2 H2 H2
H3
H3
H3
fixed stuffing
J1
B3 J1
C2 B3 J1
G1 C2 B3
F2 G1 C2
H4 F2 G1
Z3 H4 F2
K3 Z3 H4
Z5 K3 Z3
Z5 K3
Z5
VC-3 #3
VC-3 #2
VC-3 #1
C3
C-3
34 Mbit/s
VC-3 POH
84
50
Mapping 2 Mbit/s
RSOH
AU pointer
MSOH
VC-4
TUG-3
Tu pointer
TU-12
TUG-2
VC-12
04.05.15 10:10
51
RSOH
10...........................................261
J1
C2
AU-4 Pointer
G1
F2
H4
MSOH
Z3
S T U F F I N G
S T U F F I N G
B3
K3
A B C A B C A
Z5
. ......
04.05.15 10:10
TUG-3
(A)
A B C
. ......
86
TUG-3
(B)
. ......
86
TUG-3
(C)
86
52
S T U F F I N G
N
P
I
10...........................................86
A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1 A2
123 1231231 23
TUG-2
(A)
TU-12
#1
S T U F F I N G
123 123123123
TUG-2
(B)
.....
04.05.15 10:10
TU-12
#3
E3 F3 G3
TU-12
#1
123 123123123
TUG-2
(G)
.....
TU-12
#3
TU-12
#1
.....
TU-12
#3
TU-12s occupy
36 bytes per
frame
53
VC-12 Structure:
V5
R
32 bytes (32x8I)
XXX XX00
35 bytes
in one
VC-4
140 Bytes
R
N2
C1 C2 O O O O R R
32 bytes (32x8I)
R
K4
S2 I I I I I I I
32 bytes (32x8I)
V1
XXX XX01
04.05.15 10:10
H4
Payload
VC-4 Payload
V2
XXX XX10
H4
Payload
VC-4 Payload
V3
XXX XX11
H4
Payload
VC-4 Payload
V4
XXX XX00
R
500 s
Payload
VC-4 Payload
R
J2
C1 C2 O O O O R R
32 bytes (32x8I)
H4
H4
Payload
VC-4 Payload
54
4 x 261 bytes
STM-4
RSOH
Fixed Stuff
Fixed Stuff
MSOH
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
Fixed Stuff
AU-4 Pointers
C-4-4c
VC-4-4c
4 x 261 bytes
04.05.15 10:10
ATM Cell
55
VC4
4x
VC4
VC4
VC4
150 Mbit/s
150 Mbit/s
150 Mbit/s
Different
delays for VC-4's?
150 Mbit/s
600 Mbit/s
VC-4-4c
622 Mbit/s
622 Mbit/s
Out
In
STM-4c port
In
Out
Out
In
STM-4 port
Out
STM-4c port
STM-4 port
ATM switch
SDH cross-connect for VC-4
04.05.15 10:10
In
ATM switch
56
4 x 261 bytes
STM-4
RSOH
AU-4 Pointers
MSOH
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
Generation:
All Pointers are set to the same value
All VC-4 should be kept in the same STM-4
All VC-4 are transported as individual VC-4's
04.05.15 10:10
C-4-4vc
VC-4-4vc
4 x 261 bytes
ATM Cell
57
VC-4 #1
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
VC-4 #2
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
J1 J1K3
B3 B3N1
C2 C2
G1 G1
F2 F2
H4 H4
F3 F3
K3 K3
N1 N1
Termination:
VC-4-4vc is reconstructed using the
(different) pointer values for alignment
04.05.15 10:10
VC-4 #3
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
VC-4 #4
C-4-4vc
VC-4-4vc
4 x 261 bytes
ATM Cell
58
x1
AUG
AU-4
VC-4
STS-3C
STS-3C
SPE
C-4
x3
x3
STM-0
STS-1
x1
AU-3
STS-1
TU-3
STS-1
SPE
x1
TUG-2
VT
group
ITU-T G.707
x3
x4
SONET
BELLCORE GR.253
ANSI T1.105
04.05.15 10:10
VC-3
x7
VC-3
x7
SDH
x1
TUG-3
TU-2
VC-2
VT-6
VT-SPE
TU-12
VC-12
VT-2
VT-SPE
TU-11
VC-11
VT-1.5
VT-SPE
C-3
C-2
C-12
C-11
59
04.05.15 10:10
62
STM-n
Applications:
Point-to-Point
Transmission Systems
(STM-1, STM-4, STM-16)
SDH Repeater
STM-n
04.05.15 10:10
STM-n
Applications:
Line Signal Regeneration
in Point-to-Point and Ring
Networks
63
WEST
ADM
EAST
STM-1/4
STM-1/4
......
04.05.15 10:10
64
16x
622 Mbit/s
4x
SDH
Multiplexer
140 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
VC12
2 (1.5)Mbit/s
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2
VC12
2
2
VC4
VC 4
VC 3
VC 12
VC4
140
VC3
VC11
VC12
140
140 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
34 (45)Mbit/s
VC3
VC12
34
2
VC12
140
34 Mbit/s
VC12
34
34 (45)Mbit/s
155 Mbit/s
VC4
140
622 Mbit/s
155 Mbit/s
155
34
16x
4x
155 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
2.4 Gbit/s
2 (1.5)Mbit/s
65
16 x 140 Mbit/s
or
16 x STM-1
Optical
Transmit
Unit
Sync
MUX
PC / TMN (Q)
Management
Communication Unit
Service
Channels
Data
Channels
STM-16
SLX 1/16
16 x 140 Mbit/s
or
16 x STM-1
04.05.15 10:10
4
4
4
Sync
DEMUX
Optical
Receive
Unit
STM-16
66
STM-1
TM
2Mbit/s
ADM
STM-1, STM-4
2Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
ATM
Switch
ADM
STM-4/-16
ADM
140Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
8Mbit/s
STM-1
DXC
2Mbit/s
LAN
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2Mbit/s
STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
STM-1
STM-4
SDH
67
STM-4
Trunk
Network L 2
Trunk Network
L1
STM-16
SDH
SDH
Network
Network Topology
Topology
STM-1
Exchange
Trunk Network
L2
-1
M
ST
Local Network
Local
Exchange
FlexMux
Subscriber
Access
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Mux
64/2M
68
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69
Synchronization Network
Primary Reference Clock
long term:
PRC
Caesium (Stratum 1)
requ : 1 x 10 -11
typ : 5 x 10 -12
Rubidium (Stratum 2) requ : 1.6 x 10 -8 , 1 x 10-10
typ : 4 x 10 -11 , 2 x 10-11
SSU
SSU
SEC
SEC
SEC
SDH
Equip.
SDH
Equip.
SDH
Equip.
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holdover 24h:
70
G.811
PRC
G.812
TNC
G.813
SEC
SSU
G.813
SEC
G.812
TNC
SSU
G.813
SEC
Limits:
Max.
Max.
04.05.15 10:10
10 x G.812 TNC
60 x G.813 SEC,
though no more than
20 between 2 TNCs
71
155 Mbit/s
Data Signal
2 Mbit/s
Data Signal
Osc.
Synchronous
SDH Signal
2 048 kHz
Central Clock
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72
Hold-over mode
100000
10000
1000
100
10
0.01
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100
10000
73
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74
Definitions
Network
Primary Reference Clocks
Synchron. Supply Clocks (ST2)
Equipment Clocks (ST3)
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ITU-T
ANSI / Bellcore
ETSI
G.810
G.825
G.811
G.812
G.813 (G.81s)
T1.101 / GR-253
T1.105 / GR-253
T1.101
T1.101
GR-253
75
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76
EVENTS SONET
ATM Path
HP-TIM
HP-PLM
TU-LOP
TU-NDF
TU-AIS
TU-LOM
BIP-2/B3
LP-UNEQ
LP-RDI
LP-REI
LP-RFI
LP-TIM
LP-PLM
LCD
HCOR
HUNC
VP-AIS
VP-RDI
VC-AIS
VC-RDI
Vx-AIS
Vx-RDI
LOC
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Loss Of Signal
Test Sequence Error (Bit Err.)
Loss of Sequence Synchron.
Loss of incoming Timing Ref.
Out Of Frame
Loss Of Frame
Regenerator Section BIP Err.
Multiplex Section BIP Err.
Multiplex Section AIS
Mux Sect. Remote Defect Ind.
Mux Sect. Remote Errro Ind.
Loss Of AU Pointer
New Data Flag AU Pointer
AU Alarm Ind. Signal
AU Pointer Just. Event
HO Path BIP Errors
HO Path Unequipped
HO Path Remote Defect Ind.
HO Path Remote Error Ind.
LOS
TSE
LSS
LTI
OOF
LOF
B1
B2
MS-AIS
MS-RDI
MS-REI
AU-LOP
AU-NDF
AU-AIS
AU-PJE
B3
HP-UNEQ
HP-RDI
HP-REI
VT Path (VP)
Phys./Reg.Sect.
Higher Order PathMux Sect.
EVENTS SDH
LOS
TSE
LSS
LTI
OOF
LOF
B1
B2
AIS-L
RDI-L
REI-L
LOP-P
NDF-P
AIS-P
Loss Of Signal
Test Sequence Error
Loss of Sequence Synchr.
Loss of inc. TimingRef
Out Of Frame
Loss Of Frame
Section BIP Errors
Line BIP Errors
Line AIS
Line remote Defect Ind.
Line Remote Error Ind.
SP Loss Of Pointer
SP New Data Flag
SP AIS
B3
UNEQ-P
RDI-P
REI-P
PDI-P
TIM-P
PLM-P
LOP-V
NDF-V
AIS-V
LOM
BIP-2
UNEQ-V
RDI-V
REI-V
RFI-V
PDI-V
TIM-V
PLM-V
SP BIP Errors
SP Unequipped
SP Remote Deect. Ind.
SP Remote ERrro Ind.
SP Payload Defect Ind.
SP Trace Ident. Mismatch
SP Payload Label Mismatch
VP Loss Of Pointer
VP New Data Flag
VP AIS
Loss Of Multiframe
VP BIP Errors
VP Unequipped
VP Remote Defect Ind.
VP Remote Error Ind.
VP Remote Failure Ind.
VP Payload Defect Ind.
VP Trace Ident. Mismatch
VP Payload Label Mism.
I.610
I.610
I.610
I.610
I.610
(O.191)
(O.191)
I.610
77
RSOH
AU-PTR
Payload
MSOH
RSOH
Payload
Payload
MSOH
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B1:
- Supervision of the
whole STM-1 frame
- Covers the regenerator
sections of a transmission system
B2:
- Covers the multiplex
sections (from network
node to network node)
B3:
- Covers the transmission
paths from beginning to
the end (tributary to
tributary)
78
Transmit Side
frame n
BIP-8
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B1
79
Transmit Side
frame n
Receive Side
BIP-8
frame n+1
frame n
recalculation at Rx side
Comparison
with the Tx side value
04.05.15 10:10
B1
BIP-8
B1
80
BIP-8:
BIP-2:
BIP-24: 24 bits
(B2)
8 bits
(B1, B3)
2 bits
(V5)
1
2
3
Byte 3
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
801
BIP-24
1
1
1
0
0
0
04.05.15 10:10
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
81
(J0)
(B1)
(K2)
LOS/LOF
RS-TIM
BIP Err.
(B2)
(M1)
(K2)
(C2)
(J1)
(B3)
(G1)
(G1)
(H4)
(C2)
Multiplex
Section
"1"
Higher Order
Path
AIS
"1"
MS-AIS
MS-BIP Err.
AIS
MS-REI
MS-RDI
AU-AIS
AU-LOP
"1"
"1"
HP-UNEQ
HP-TIM
AIS
HP-BIP Err.
HP-REI
HP-RDI
TU-AIS
"1"
TU-LOP
LOM
HP-PLM
LP-UNEQ
(V5)
(J2)
(V5)
(V5)
Lower Order
Path
"1"
LP-TIM
AIS
LP-BIP Err.
LP-REI
LP-RDI
(V5)
(V5)
LP-PLM
"1"
AIS
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82
B3 Error
HP-RDI
HP-REI
04.05.15 10:10
83
Abbreviations:
AU
HP
Administration unit
High path
LOF
LOM
LOP
LOS
Loss of frame
Loss of miltiframe
Loss of pointer
Loss of signal
04.05.15 10:10
LP
OOF
REI
RDI
RFI
SLM
Low path
Out of frame
Remote error indication (FEBE)
Remote defect indication (FERF)
Remote failure indication
Signal label mismatch
TIM
TU
UNEQ
VC
C
Trace identifier
Tributary unit
Unequipped
Virtual
container
84
Performance Parameter
ITU-T G.821
ES
Errored Second
SES
ITU-T G.826
ES
Errored Second
UAS
Unavailable Seconds:
10 sec
Unavailability
detected
Unavailable Seconds
Unavailable Seconds
04.05.15 10:10
Time
10 sec
< 10
sec
Availability
detected
85
04.05.15 10:10
86
...
Time Line
1
UI
Bit Sequence
Actual Signal
(with Jitter
and Wander)
04.05.15 10:10
87
Interference signals
Pattern dependent jitter
Phase noise
Delay variation
Stuffing and wait time jitter
Mapping jitter
Pointer jitter
04.05.15 10:10
88
Signal
Input
Pattern
Clock
Pattern-Clock
Converter
HP
N
1
Frequency
Divider
Jitter
and
Wander
LP
Result
Evaluation
V
Phase Detector
Filters
Peak-to-Peak
Detector
~ 1 Hz
V
Phase Detector
VCO
04.05.15 10:10
89
STM-1: 500 Hz
STM-4: 1 kHz
STM-16: 5 kHz
Wander
65 kHz
250 kHz
1 MHz
10 Hz
Total
Jitter
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Frequency / Hz
Jitter
including
lower
Frequency
Components
1.3 MHz
5 MHz
20 MHz
1,5UI
High
Frequency
Jitter
0,15UI
The World of Synchronous Networks
90
Jitter
Amplitude
(PP)
Time
Measurement Period
04.05.15 10:10
91
04.05.15 10:10
92
WANDER Definitions
Wander
TIE
MTIE
TDEV
"Allen Deviation"
MADEV
04.05.15 10:10
93
Wander / UI
g
ntin t
e
s
pre Offse
e
r
pe
cy
Slo equen
Fr
TIE max
MTIE
TIE at t End
TIE min
Time
Observation Period
Start
04.05.15 10:10
End
94
04.05.15 10:10
95
Network resilience
04.05.15 10:10
96
1 + 1 Protection scheme
W
P
1 : 1 Protection scheme
W
W
1 : N Protection scheme
04.05.15 10:10
97
1 + 1 Protection scheme
W
P
1 : 1 Protection scheme
W
W
1 : N Protection scheme
04.05.15 10:10
98
Traffic A -> B
ADM
A
ADM
Traffic B -> A
B -> A
ADM
A
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
Unidirectional Ring
traffic between A-B
uses the entire length of ring
04.05.15 10:10
ADM
longer
path
Bidirectional Ring
- use the shorter or longer path
- increase number of paths
- short path : traffic
long path : protection
99
Fiber 2 : unidirectional
Tributary
Tributary
04.05.15 10:10
100
Fiber 2 : unidirectional
Tributary
Tributary
04.05.15 10:10
101
Fiber 2 : unidirectional
Tributary
Tributary
04.05.15 10:10
102
Protection
Tributary
Tributary
04.05.15 10:10
Working
103
Protection
Tributary
Tributary
04.05.15 10:10
Working
104
Protection
Tributary
Tributary
04.05.15 10:10
Working
105
Fiber 2
Tributary
Tributary
working
protection
04.05.15 10:10
106
Fiber 2
Tributary
Tributary
working
protection
04.05.15 10:10
107
Fiber 2
Tributary
Tributary
working
protection
04.05.15 10:10
108
Tributary
Tributary
04.05.15 10:10
109
Tributary
Tributary
04.05.15 10:10
110
Tributary
Tributary
04.05.15 10:10
111
Tributary
Tributary
04.05.15 10:10
112
Tributary
Tributary
04.05.15 10:10
113
Tributary
Tributary
04.05.15 10:10
114
04.05.15 10:10
115
Network Management
Basic tasks of network management:
Administrative functions:
Operation:
Network supervising
Network linking
(anomalies, defects)
(reserve links, additional links)
Maintenance:
04.05.15 10:10
116
TMN Overlay
Q
Central
OS
Q
Q
Local
OS
Q
Q
CC
Q
ECC
CC
ECC
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
04.05.15 10:10
117
Telecommunication Management
Network (TMN) Overlay
Management of :
Central
OS
Central
OS
Q3
NE
Manager
STM-N
Q3
Q ECC
DXC
Q ECC
STM-N
STM-N
DXC
ADM
ADM
ADM
Q3
Local
NE
Manager OS
Q3
Performance
Faults
Configuration
Accounting
Security
ADM
04.05.15 10:10
118
OS
Workstation
Q3
Data Communication Network
DCN
Q3
Q3
Mediation
Device
MD
Workstation
Q2 or Q1
Local Communication Network
LCN
F
Qx
Network
Element
NE
04.05.15 10:10
Network
Element
NE
Workstation
119
Interoperability in TMN
X
TMN
Operations
System
TMN
Operations
System
Q3
Q3
QMonitor provides
easy adaptation to the interface
(autoconfiguration)
QMonitor
based on
DominoWAN
DominoLAN
DA-30
Qecc
Qecc
04.05.15 10:10
120
SDH Benefits
Reduced equipment costs
multi vendor compatibility
TMN capabilities
04.05.15 10:10
121
Pirelli :
WaveMux 3200
32 x OC-48 channels
80Gbit/s over 1200km
Ciena :
40 x OC-48 channels
100Gbit/s over 600km
There may not be a near term need, but this is the direction
that networking will take next for 3 or 4 years.
Ryan, Hunkin, Kent Consulting '96
04.05.15 10:10
122
Future
Future Trends
Trends -- Optical
Optical Components
Components
WDM
WDM
Optical D&I
STM-N,
OC-N
ADM
STM-N,
OC-N
Local Traffic
2Mbit/s, DS-3, STM-1
Extract selectively
Minimize need for demultiplexing
entire bandwidth
04.05.15 10:10
123
STM-64
Lar
Future
Trends
in
Synchronous
Technology
ity
c
a
p
a
C
r
e
g
rks
o
w
t
e
N
l
Optica
Q3 Worldwide
Add
ition
04.05.15 10:10
al M
appi
ngs
DWDM
TMN
STM-16c
VC2-5c
PoS
124
Lets summarize !
Please name the PDH bitrates !
Please explain stuffing !
When will stuffing be applied ?
What is the reaction of a Network element after an LOS alarm ?
What is the meaning of an LOF alarm ?
Is it possible to drop an 2Mbit/s signal out of an 140Mbit/s line ?
Why not ?
Please name the SDH bitrates !
Explain the way an PDH signal is integrated in an STM-1 !
04.05.15 10:10
125
Lets summarize !
Please name the different sections of an SDH connection !
What is a parity byte ?
Please explain the way to build a parity byte !
Which parity bytes do you know ?
Which overhead bytes are used for data communication ?
What is a pointer ?
What is a pointer used for ?
04.05.15 10:10
126
Lets summarize !
Please name the SDH network elements !
What are they used for ?
Please explain how a synchronization network looks like !
Explain the possibilities to synchronize a NE !
What is a holdover mode ?
Which byte is used to transport an HP-UNEQ ?
Please explain Jitter and Wander !
How can jitter be defined ?
Please explain the terms TIE and MTIE ?
Please explain the term TDEV ?
04.05.15 10:10
127
Lets summarize !
Please name the main Jitter and Wander measurements !
Explain these measurements !
Please explain the methods of linear protection !
What kind of ring structures do you know ?
What are the the advantages of a TMN controlled network ?
How is the TMN interface called ?
Please explain DWDM !
04.05.15 10:10
128