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  • As 1 2 2 Structure of The Heart Summary Notes

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    Regular exercise and a balanced diet are needed to keep the body healthy. Too little food leads to a person being underweight and prone to certain types of illness, while too much food and not enough exercise leads to a person being overweight and other types of ill health. Nutrients A mixture of different types of food in the correct amounts is needed to maintain health. The main food groups are carbohydrates, fats and proteins. This table summarises some typical sources of these nutrients and why our bodies need them. The main food groups Food group Found in Needed by our bodies for: Carbohydrates potato, banana, pasta potatoes, pasta, bread, bananas, sugar and rice a source of energy for life processes Fats cheese cheese, butter, margarine and oils a source of energy for life processes: fats are also needed to make cell membranes and to insulate our bodies Proteins meat meat, fish, eggs and cheese growth and repair - building cells Mineral ions and vitamins are also important in a healthy diet. They are needed in small amounts for healthy functioning of the body. Imbalanced diets An imbalanced diet causes a person to become malnourished. For example: too little food may lead to a person being underweight too much food may lead to a person being overweight. A poor diet may also lead to deficiency diseases. For example, too little vitamin D in the diet can lead to rickets, which affects the proper growth of the skeleton. Type 2 diabetes is also a problem related to poor diet. Note that you do not need to know how the nutrients work or the effects of any particular deficiency in the diet for your exam.

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    As 1 2 2 Structure of the Heart Summary Notes

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    Regular exercise and a balanced diet are needed to keep the body healthy. Too little food leads to a person being underweight and prone to certain types of illness, while too much food and not enough exercise leads to a person being overweight and other types of ill health. Nutrients A mixture of different types of food in the correct amounts is needed to maintain health. The main food groups are carbohydrates, fats and proteins. This table summarises some typical sources of these nutrients and why our bodies need them. The main food groups Food group Found in Needed by our bodies for: Carbohydrates potato, banana, pasta potatoes, pasta, bread, bananas, sugar and rice a source of energy for life processes Fats cheese cheese, butter, margarine and oils a source of energy for life processes: fats are also needed to make cell membranes and to insulate our bodies Proteins meat meat, fish, eggs and cheese growth and repair - building cells Mineral ions and vitamins are also important in a healthy diet. They are needed in small amounts for healthy functioning of the body. Imbalanced diets An imbalanced diet causes a person to become malnourished. For example: too little food may lead to a person being underweight too much food may lead to a person being overweight. A poor diet may also lead to deficiency diseases. For example, too little vitamin D in the diet can lead to rickets, which affects the proper growth of the skeleton. Type 2 diabetes is also a problem related to poor diet. Note that you do not need to know how the nutrients work or the effects of any particular deficiency in the diet for your exam.

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    20 просмотров13 страниц

    As 1 2 2 Structure of The Heart Summary Notes

    Загружено:

    qwedcxzas
    Regular exercise and a balanced diet are needed to keep the body healthy. Too little food leads to a person being underweight and prone to certain types of illness, while too much food and not enough exercise leads to a person being overweight and other types of ill health. Nutrients A mixture of different types of food in the correct amounts is needed to maintain health. The main food groups are carbohydrates, fats and proteins. This table summarises some typical sources of these nutrients and why our bodies need them. The main food groups Food group Found in Needed by our bodies for: Carbohydrates potato, banana, pasta potatoes, pasta, bread, bananas, sugar and rice a source of energy for life processes Fats cheese cheese, butter, margarine and oils a source of energy for life processes: fats are also needed to make cell membranes and to insulate our bodies Proteins meat meat, fish, eggs and cheese growth and repair - building cells Mineral ions and vitamins are also important in a healthy diet. They are needed in small amounts for healthy functioning of the body. Imbalanced diets An imbalanced diet causes a person to become malnourished. For example: too little food may lead to a person being underweight too much food may lead to a person being overweight. A poor diet may also lead to deficiency diseases. For example, too little vitamin D in the diet can lead to rickets, which affects the proper growth of the skeleton. Type 2 diabetes is also a problem related to poor diet. Note that you do not need to know how the nutrients work or the effects of any particular deficiency in the diet for your exam.

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    The Structure of The Mammalian

    Heart

    A muscular pump
    Divided into two sides
    Right side - deoxygenated
    Left side oxygenated
    Both sides of the heart squeeze putting
    blood under pressure
    Pressure forces blood along the arteries

    Tips
    If you are asked how the pressure in the arteries
    is produced, you need to explain that it is due to
    the contraction of the left ventricle walls
    When memorising the parts of the heart,
    remember veins take blood towards the heart,
    arteries take blood from the heart- pulmonary
    means lung and vena cava means main vein
    So pulmonary artery takes blood away from
    the heart to the lung. Easy!

    External Features of the Heart


    Sits slightly off centre to
    left of chest cavity
    Lies at an angle with the
    atria in the middle
    Consists of dark red
    muscle that feels firm
    The muscle surrounds
    the two ventricles
    Atria are much smaller
    than the ventricles

    External Features of the Heart

    Coronary arteries lie over the


    hearts surface
    They carry oxygenated blood to the
    heart itself
    These arteries are important and if
    constricted at all can have serious
    consequences
    Restricted blood flow to the heart
    can cause angina (pain) or a heart
    attack (myocardial infarction)

    At the top of the heart are tubesveins carrying blood to the heart
    and arteries carrying blood away
    from the heart

    Internal Structure of the Heart


    Divided into 4 chambers
    Two atria, receiving blood
    from the major veins
    Vena Cava:
    deoxygenated blood from
    the body into the right
    atrium
    Pulmonary Vein:
    oxygenated blood from
    the lungs to the left atrium

    Internal Structure of the Heart


    From the atria, blood flows through the atrioventricular
    valves into the ventricles.
    The valves are thin flaps of tissue arranged in a cup
    shape
    When the ventricles contract, the valves fill with blood
    and remain closed
    This ensures blood flows upwards into the major arteries
    leading away from the heart, and not back into the atria
    Tendinous cords inside the ventricles attach the valves to
    the walls of the ventricle and prevent flimsy valves from
    turning inside out and allowing backflow of blood
    Check out the next 2 slides for diagrams that go with this description

    A damaged valve and


    healthy valve showing
    tendinous cords

    The Septum
    A wall of muscle
    separating the
    ventricles from each
    other
    Ensures that
    oxygenated blood
    does not mix with
    deoxygenated blood
    The diagram shows a defect in the
    septum often referred to as a hole in
    the heart

    Leaving the Heart


    Deoxygenated blood leaving the right ventricle
    flows into the pulmonary artery leading to the
    lungs
    Oxygenated blood leaving the right ventricle
    flows into the aorta
    The aorta carries blood to a number of arteries
    supplying all parts of the body.
    Semi-lunar (half-moon) valves at the base of the
    arteries leading from the heart prevent blood
    flowing back into the heart as the ventricles relax

    Blood Pressure
    The muscles of each
    chamber contract to
    create increased
    pressure in the blood
    The higher the
    pressure, the further
    the blood can go

    Blood Pressure
    Atria: the muscle is thin, as not much pressure is needed
    to make blood flow into the ventricles
    Right ventricle: thicker walls than the atria, but as the
    blood is only pumped to the lungs, the pressure is not as
    great as that created by the left ventricle. Also, the lungs
    have fine capillaries and the alveoli are thin. The
    pressure cannot be too high or damage to the capillaries
    around the alveoli could result
    Left ventricle: 2-3 times thicker than the right ventriclesufficient pressure is needed to pump blood through the
    aorta and overcome the resistance of systemic
    circulation

    Units of Pressure
    The SI unit of pressure is
    the Pascal, but because
    blood pressure used to be
    measured with a tube of
    mercury whose chemical
    symbol is Hg, we still use
    mmHg (millimetres of
    mercury) as a pressure
    measurement

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