GSM Fundamentals

Huawei Confidential. All Rights Reserved

Objectives

Upon completion this course, you will be

able to:

Name the frequency spectrum used in

GSM
Name the concept of frequency reused.
Name the two different cell types and
understand why and when each would
be used.

Internal Use

Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Cellular

Mobile System
Chapter 2 GSM Network Components
Chapter 3 Terrestrial Interface
Chapter 4 Service Area And Number Planning
Chapter 5 Channels On Air Interface
Chapter 6 Radio Technologies
Chapter 7 The Future Development

Internal Use

The Frequency Spectrum

GSM 900

Total bandwidth:

25MHz

Bandwidth/channel:

200KHz

Channel availability:

124 ARFCN (1-124)

Internal Use

The Frequency Spectrum

DCS 1800
95MHz spacing

Base Station Receive

1710

Total bandwidth:
Bandwidth/channel:
Channel availability:
Internal Use

Base Station Transmit

1785 1805

1880MHz

75MHz
200KHz
374 ARFCN (512-885)
5

New standard

RGSM EGSM

876 880

890

GSM 900

RGSM EGSM

915 921

925

GSM 900

935

960

EGSM Extra 10MHz, therefore total available ARFCN become 174.

RGSM Extra 15MHz, therefore total available ARFCN become 199.

Internal Use

Calculation of Carrier Frequencies

GSM900
Fuplink (n) = 890 + (0.2 x n) MHz
Fdownlink (n) = Fuplink (n) + 45MHz
Where, 1 < n < 124
GSM1800
Fuplink (n) = 1710.2 + (0.2 x (n-512)) MHz
Fdownlink (n) = Fuplink (n) + 95MHz
Where, 512 < n < 885

Internal Use

Frequency spectrum
dB

Wanted signal

Noise
floor
f1

f2

Frequency

-Bandwidth is from f1 to f2
-Clean signal can be obtained if only one user using this spectrum and the signal
energy must higher than the noise floor.

Internal Use

Frequency spectrum
dB
20dB

10dB

Interfering
signal
Wanted signal

Noise
floor
f1
f2
-Interference occur when two signal are transmitting at the same frequency
spectrum.
-Signal with higher energy will win.

Internal Use

How to maximize the spectrum utilization

Internal Use

Adopt multiple access techniques

Adopt frequency reuse

10

GSM Multiple Access Methods

Time

Time

f
Frequency
Division Multiple
Access

f
Time Division
Multiple Access

GSM system
Internal Use

11

GSM Multiple Access Method

dB
ARFCN 1 ARFCN 2

8 Users/
timeslots

frequency

200kHz 200kHz
Note: Max number of users can only support up to 8Ts x 124ARFCN=(992 users). [for GSM900]

Internal Use

12

Frequency Re-Use

Why need Frequency Re-Use?

Frequency resources are very expensive.
Frequency resources are very limited.
However maintain the quality of service.

Internal Use

13

Frequency Re-Use

How can we reuse frequency?

2

7(Site)X 1(Cell)
Re-use

23
1

4
5

Internal Use

14

Frequency Reuse

How can we reuse frequency?

1
1
2
2
3
3
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
k=3

2
3
7
2
3
7
1
6
4
1
6
5
4
2
5
3
7
1
6
4
2
5
3
7
1
k=7
6
4
5

Internal Use

Larger cluster size

1
4
3
1
1
2
4
4
3
1
3
2
2
4
3
1
2
4
3
2
k=4

2
1
5
2
1
5

7
8
6
2
3
7
9
1
6
4
7
5
8
9
6
2
3
7
9
1
6
4
5
9
k=9

8
3
4
8
3
4

Longer distance
between interferers

Less interference
BUT
9
9
8
8
10
10
Reduced capacity
2
11 2
11
3
3
7
7
6

12 1
12
1
6
4
4
9
5
5
8
10
2
11
3
7
12
1
6
4
5
k=12

15

Controlling Co-channel interference

Carried-to-co-channel interference ratio

C/I = 1.5(k2)
Where, k = Cluster size
e.g. k=3, C/I = 1.5(3)2 = 11.3 dB
k=4, C/I = 1.5(4)2 = 13.8 dB

Internal Use

Note: - GSM standard required C/I > 9 dB. Thats mean

minimum number of reuse pattern is k=3.

16

Carrier to Interference ratio (C/I)

dB

Wanted signal

9dB
Interfering signal/Cochannel Signal

Noise
floor
f1

Frequency

Note: In practical C/I should be greater than 12 dB

Internal Use

17

Frequency Re-Use

4(Site)X 3(Cell)

5
1

Re-use

3
5

6
2

11

10

12

4
9

6
2

3
10

11

1
9

Internal Use

18

CELL

Omni

Omni-Directional Cells

120 Degree Sectors

1
120
degree

3
Internal Use

19

Comparison between Omni / Sectorised

Cells

Omni cells

1
1

1
1

First tier

1
1

Second tier

4
2

4
2

4
2

for first tier KI = 6 (theoretically)

Internal Use

120 deg.
Directional
Antennas

4
First tier

2
4

Ex.
3x4

for first tier KI = 2 - 3

narrow beam antennas (e.g. 60)

better than wide beam antennas (e.g.
120)

20

Controlling Co-channel interference

Hence,
C/I = 1.5 (K2) x S
Where, S = sectorization

e.g. for 3 Sectorization (4x3)

C/I = 1.5k2 x 3 = 4.5 K2
= 1.5x (4)2 x 3
= 10 log 72 = 18.6 dB

Internal Use

5
1
9

21

Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Cellular

Mobile System
Chapter 2 GSM Network Components
Chapter 3 Terrestrial Interface
Chapter 4 Service Area And Number Planning
Chapter 5 Channels On Air Interface
Chapter 6 Radio Technologies
Chapter 7 The Future Development

Internal Use

22

Objectives

Upon completion this course, you will be

able to:

Draw the structure of GSM

Identify the functions of each component

Internal Use

23

GSM Network Components

NSS
OSS

OMC
OMC

AUC
AUC
HLR
HLR
EIR
EIR
MSC/VLR
MSC/VLR

ME
ME

Internal Use

SIM
SIM

MS

BTS
BTS

PSTN

BSC
BSC

BSS
24

Mobile StationMS

MS=ME+SIM
International Mobile Equipment Identity
(IMEI)
Mobile Equipment

International Mobile Subscriber

Identity (IMSI)
Subscriber Identity Module
Internal Use

25

International Mobile Subscriber Identity

(IMSI)
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
(TMSI)
Location Area Identity (LAI)
Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki)
Mobile Station International Standard
Data Network (MSISDN),
it is optional.

Internal Use

GSM

Subscriber Identity Module SIM

26

Authentication

MS
Ki

Network

Um interface

RAND

A3
A3

RAND

Ki

A3
A3
SRES

SRES

Ki = authentication key
RAND = random number
SRES = Signal Response

Internal Use

=?
=?
Accept /
reject?
27

Base Station Subsystem BSS

MSC
The

Base
Station
Controller BSC
The Base Transceiver
Station BTS
The Trans-coder TC
and Sub multiplexer
(SM)

BSS TC/SM
TC/SM
BSC
BSC
BTS
BTS

Internal Use

28

The Network Switching System

NSS
OMC

AUC
AUC
HLR
HLR
EIR
EIR
MSC/VLR
MSC/VLR

Mobile Switching Center

Home Location Register
Visitor Location Register
Equipment Identity Register
Authentication Center
Inter-Working Function
Echo Cancellor
Internal Use

MSC
HLR
VLR
EIR
AUC
IWF
EC

EC
EC

PSTN

IWF
IWF

BSS

29

Mobile Service Switching Center MSC

Internal Use

Call Processing
Operations
and
Maintenance
Support
Inter-network & Inter-working
Billing

30

Home Location Register HLR

Subscriber ID (IMSI and MSISDN)

Current subscriber VLR (current location)
Supplementary service information
Subscriber status (registered/deregistered)
Authentication key and AuC functionality

Internal Use

31

Visitor Location Register VLR

Mobile Status(IMSI detached/ attached)

Location Area Identity(LAI)

Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI)

Mobile Station Roaming Number(MSRN)

Internal Use

32

Equipment Identity Register EIR

White List
Black List
Grey List

IMEI
Is Checked against White List
If NOT found,
checked against
Grey/Black List

If NOT found, checked

against White List
indications

IMEI
Is Checked against Black/Grey List

If found, returns a Black

or Grey List indicator
Internal Use

33

Inter-Working Function IWF

Rate Conversion
Protocol Adaptation

PSTN

Internal Use

MSC
MSC

EC
EC

IWF

34

Operation and Maintenance Sub System

OSS(NMC)

M2000

Region2

M2000

M2000

Region 3
Region 1

Internal Use

35

Operation and Maintenance Center OMC

OMC/iManager M2000: OMC assigned

specifically for GSM, CDMA & WCDMA
NEs.

Internal Use

36

OMC Functional Architecture

Security
Management

Event/Alarm
Management

MMI
OS

DB

Fault
Management

Configuration
Management
Performance
Management

Internal Use

37

Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Cellular

Mobile System
Chapter 2 GSM Network Components
Chapter 3 Terrestrial Interface
Chapter 4 Service Area And Number Planning
Chapter 5 Channels On Air Interface
Chapter 6 Radio Technologies
Chapter 7 The Future Development

Internal Use

38

Objectives

Upon completion this course, you will be

able to:

Identify the protocols used on the

terrestrial interfaces between the
GSM system entities

Internal Use

39

GSM Interface

D
G

VLR

VLR C

HLR
H
AUC

MSC

IWF

MSC

E
EC

EC

EIR

IWF
A
TC

MS
Internal Use

Um

BTS

Abis

BSC
40

GSM Protocol

MS

BTS

BSC

CM

CM

MM

MM

L3

RR

RR
RR

BTSM

BTSM

L2

LAPDm

LAPDm LAPD

LAPD

L1

SigL1

SigL1 SigL1

SigL1

Um

Internal Use

MSC

Abis

BSSMAP

BSSMAP

SCCP

SCCP

MTP

MTP

41

SigL1: 2MBps Trunks

HLR
AUC
EIR

OMC

IWF

MSC/VLR

MSC/VLR
EC
EC
TC

PSTN

BSC
BTS
BTS
Internal Use

BTS
42

2MBps Trunks

Typical Configuration
TS 0

TS 1-15

TS16

TS 17-31

TS = Time slot
TS#
0
1-15
16

Used for
Frame Alignment /Error Checking /Signaling
Traffic
CCS7 Signaling (Other TS may also the used)

17-31 Traffic
Internal Use

43

Abis (LAPD) Interfaces

Flag

last bit

Internal Use

Frame check
Sequence

Information

Control

Address

Flag

first bit

44

ITU Signaling System CCS7

CCS7 Levels
MAP

OSI Layers
7. Application
6. Presentation

TUP

ISUP

5. Session

MTP Level 3

3. Network
2. Link

Internal Use

(DTAP+BSSMAP)

SCCP

4. Transport

1 Physical

TCAP

BSSAP

MTP Level 2
MTP Level 1

2 Mb/s Trunk
45

Abbreviation of CCS7

MTP
TCAP
SCCP
TUP
ISUP
MAP
BSSAP
BSSMAP
DTAP

Internal Use

Message Transfer Part

Transaction Capabilities Application Part
Signaling Connection Control Part
Telephone User Part
ISDN User Part
Mobile Application Part
Base Station System Application Part
BSS Management Application Part
Direct Transfer Application Part

46

Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Cellular

Mobile System
Chapter 2 GSM Network Components
Chapter 3 Terrestrial Interface
Chapter 4 Service Area And Number Planning
Chapter 5 Channels On Air Interface
Chapter 6 Radio Technologies
Chapter 7 The Future Development

Internal Use

47

Objectives

Upon completion this course, you will be

able to:

Identify the
number

system

identification

Identify the of mobile identification

number
Identify
number

Internal Use

the

cell

identification

48

Service Area

System area
PLMN
PLMN service
service area
area
MSC service area...
Location area...
Base station area...

Radio cell

......

Internal Use

PLMN service area

MSC service area...
Location area...
Base station area...

......

Radio cell

......

49

MSC/VLR Number

CC

NDC

LSP

MSC/VLR number

The format is CC+NDC+LSP

CC Country Code.
For example: The CC of China is "86".
NDC National Destination Code.
For
example:
The
NDC
of
139 138 137 136 135.

China

Mobile

is

LSP(locally significant part): is defined by Telecom operator.

For example: 86-139-00311
Internal Use

50

HLR Number

The format is CC+NDC+H0 H1 H2 H3 0000.

CC Country Code.
For example: The CC of China is "86".
NDC National Destination Code.
For example: The NDC of China Mobile is 139
138 137 136 135.
H0H1H2H3 is defined by Telecom operator.
For example: 86-139-0666-0000.

Internal Use

51

LAI

MCC

MNC

LAC

Location Area Identification

The LAI is the international code for a location area.

MCC Mobile Country Code It consists of 3 digits .
For example: The MCC of China is "460"
MNC Mobile Network Code It consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Mobile is "00"
LAC Location Area Code It is a two bytes BCD
code(hex).
The value 0000 and FFFF is invalid.
For example: 460-00-0011
Internal Use

52

CGI

CGI: Cell Global Identification

The CGI is a unique international identification for a

cell
The format is LAI+CI
LAI: Location Area Identification
CI Cell Identity. This code uses two bytes BCD
code(hex) to identify the radio cells within an LAI.
For example : 460-00-0011-0001

Internal Use

53

BSIC

BSIC Base Station Identification Color Code)

NCC

BCC
BSIC

NCC PLMN network color code. It comprises 3 bit. It

allows various neighboring PLMNs to be distinguished.
BCC BTS color code. It comprises 3 bit. It allows
distinction
between different radio frequency channels using the same
frequency in neighboring cells.
Internal Use

54

MSISDN

CC

NDC

SN

National (significant)
Mobile number
Mobile station international
ISDN number

CC

Country Code. For example: The CC of China is

"86".
NDC National Destination Code. For example: The NDC of
China Telecom is 139, 138, 137, 136, 135.
SN Subscriber Number. Format:H0 H1 H2 H3 ABCD
Example: 86-139-0666-1234
Internal Use

55

IMSI

Not more than 15 digits

3 digits

2 digits

MCC

MNC

MSIN
NMSI

IMSI
MCC Mobile Country Code It consists of 3 digits .
For example: The MCC of China is "460"
MNC Mobile Network Code It consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Telecom is "00"
MSIN Mobile Subscriber Identification Number. H1H2H3 S
ABCDEF
For example: 666-9777001
NMSI National Mobile Subscriber Identification MNC and MSIN
form it together.
For Example of IMSI : 460-00-666-9777001
Internal Use

56

TMSI

TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification)

The TMSI is assigned only after successful

subscriber authentication.
The VLR controls the allocation of new TMSI
numbers and notifies them to the HLR.
TMSI is used to ensure that the identity of the
mobile subscriber on the air interface is kept
secret.
The TMSI consists of 4 bytes( 8 HEX numbers)
and determined by the telecom operator.
Internal Use

57

IMEI

IMEI: International Mobile Station Equipment Identification

TAC

FAC

SNR

SP

IMEI
TAC Type approval code. It is administered by the type
approval center.
FAC Final assembly code.It is administered by the
manufacturer.
SNR Serial number.It is issued by the manufacturer of the
MS.
SP Not used.
Internal Use

58

Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Cellular

Mobile System
Chapter 2 GSM Network Components
Chapter 3 Terrestrial Interface
Chapter 4 Service Area And Number Planning
Chapter 5 Channels On Air Interface
Chapter 6 Radio Technologies
Chapter 7 The Future Development

Internal Use

59

Objectives

Upon completion this course, you will be

able to:

Identify the types of physical

channels and logical channels
Name the 4 most commonly used
channel combinations
Understand the structure of
frames

Internal Use

multi

60

Physical and Logical Channels

The physical channel is the medium over which

the information is carried
The logical channels consist of the information
carried over the physical channel
TDMA FRAME

60

Timeslot
The
Theinformation
informationcarried
carriedin
inone
onetime
time
slot
slotis
iscalled
calledaaburst
burst
Internal Use

61

Burst Mapping on physical channel

0

0
s

0
s

TDMA frame = 4.615 ms

Burst
Burst (148
(148 bits)
bits)

Guard
Guard
Interval
Interval
(8.25
(8.25 bits)
bits)

577s
(156.25 bits)

Internal Use

62

BURST
Random Access burst (RACH): Used in MS initial access
Tail bit

8bit

Data
41 synchronous
bits

Tail bit

36 encrypted
bits

3bit

Guard interval

68.25bit

Frequency correction burst (FCH): Used in frequency synchronization

between MS and BTS
Tail bit

Data

3bit

142bit

Tail bit

Guard interval

3bit

8.25bit

Synchronous burst (SCH): Used in timing synchronization between MS

and BTS
Tail bit

3bit

Internal Use

Data

Data
39 encrypted
bits

64 synchronous bits

39 encrypted
bits

Tail bit

Guard interval

3bit 8.25bit
63

Burst

Normal burst (TCH): Used to carry the information of the traffic channel
and the control channel.
Tail bit

Data

3bit

57 encrypted bits

Training sequence

1 26bit 1

Data
57 encrypted bits

Tail bit

Guard interval

3bit

8.25bit

Frame
stealing
flag

Dummy burst (BCH): Used in transmission of filling frames

by BTS at timeslots when there is no information delivered
Tail bit

3bit

Internal Use

Tail bit
142 modulation bits

3bit

Guard interval

8.25bit

64

Logical Channel Type

GSM900 and DCS1800 have the same logical channel category

Logical channel

Common channel
(CCH)

Broadcast control channel

(BCCH)

FCH

SCH

Dedicated channel
(DCH)

Common control channel

(CCCH)

BCCH
PCH
(system information)

AGCH

RACH

Voice channel
(TCH)

Control channel

SDCCH

FACCH

SACCH

Internal Use

TCH/F

TCH/H

TCH/9.6F
TCH/ 4.8F, H
TCH/ 2.4F, H

65

Traffic Channel

TCH
Traffic Channels
Normal Burst

Speech
TCH/FS

TCH/HS

TCH Traffic Channel

TCH/FS Full rate Speech Channel
TCH/HS Half rate Speech Channel
TCH/9.6 Data Channel 9.6kb/s
TCH/4.8 Data Channel 4.8kb/s
TCH/2.4 Data Channel 2.4Kb/s
Internal Use

Data

TCH/9.6

TCH/2.4

TCH/4.8
66

Control Channel

CCH Control Channels

DCCH
SDCCH

FACCH

BCCH

ACCH

SACCH

BCCH

Synch. CH.

CCCH
SCH

FCCH

Broadcast Control Channel BCCH RACH

CBCH
Common Control Channel CCCH
Dedicated Control Channel DCCH
Associated Control Channel ACCH PCH/AGCH
Internal Use

67

Broadcast Control Channel BCCH

CCH

The information carried on the

BCCH is monitored by the mobile
periodically when it is switched
on and not in a call

BCCH
downlink only

BCCH:Broadcast Control Channel

FCCH:
Frequency
Channel

Correction
BCCH

Synch.
Channels

SCH

FCCH

SCH: Synchronization Channel

Internal Use

68

Common Control Channel CCCH

CCH

The CCCH is responsible for

transferring control information
between all mobiles and the
BTS.

CCCH

RACH: Random Access Control

Channel
PCH: Paging Channel
AGCH: Access Grant Control
Channel
CBCH:Cell Broadcast Channel

Internal Use

RACH
uplink

CBCH
downlink

PCH/AGCH
downlink
69

Dedicated Control Channel DCCH

DCCH is assigned to a single

mobile connection for call setup
or for measurement and handover
purpose.
SDCCH: Standalone Dedicated
Control Channel
ACCH:
Associated
Control
Channel
SACCH: Slow Associated Control
Channel
FACCH:Fast Associated Control
Channel

CCH
DCCH

SDCCH

FACCH

Internal Use

ACCH

SACCH

70

How to use these channel?

Power-off state

Search for frequency correction pulse

Search for synchronous pulse
Unscramble system information

FCCH
SCH
BCCH

Idle state

Snoop into paging message

Send access pulse
Allocate signaling channel
Dedicated mode

Set up the call

Allocate voice channel
Conversation
Release the call

Idle state

Internal Use

PCH
RACH
AGCH
SDCCH
FACCH
TCH
FACCH

71

Call Setup Flow

MS

BTS
Channel_req

SABM: Set asynchronous

balanced mode command-Initial access frame
UA: Unnumbered
acknowledgement response

BSC

MSC

Channel_Required
Channel_Active
Channel_Active_Ack

IMMEDIATE ASSIGN COMMAND

First SABM
Establish_IND(CM Service Req)
CR(Complete_L3_information)
CC
CM Service Accepted
Setup
Call Processing
Assignment_Req
Channel_Active
Channel_Active_Ack
ASSIGNMENT COMMAND
First SABM
Establish_IND
ASSIGNMENT CMP
Assignment_CMP
Alerting
Connect
Connect Ack

Conversation
Disconnect
Release
Release Complete
Clear_CMD
Clear_CMP

Internal Use

72

GSM Multiframe

TDMA Frames
0
0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

46 47 48 49 50

51 Frame Multiframes (235.3ms)

CONTROL CHANNELS
Internal Use

73

GSM Logical Channel

Channel Combination
BCH combination BCCH + CCCH
DCH combination SDCCH8 + SACCH8
Combined Channel Combination BCCH +
CCCH +SDCCH4 + SACCH4
TCH combination TCH8/FACCH + SACCH

Internal Use

74

BCCH/CCCH Multiframe

Downlink
B
F

I
C

10

S C C .. F S C C .. F S C C ..

20

30

40

50

F = FCCH (Frequency)
S = SCH (Sync.)
C = CCCH (Common)
I = Idle
R = RACH (Random)

Uplink
R

0
Internal Use

10

R R R .. R R R ..R R R ..

20

30

40

50
75

SDCCH Multiframe

Downlink
D0 D1

D6 D7 A0

A3 I I I

D0 D1

D6 D7 A4

A7 I I I

24

32

44

50

D = SDCCH/8 (Dedicated)
A = SACCH/C8
(Associated) I = Idle

Uplink

A5 A6 A7 I I I D0

D7 A0

A1 A2 A3 I I I D0

D7 A4

0
Internal Use

12

15

44

50
76

Timeslots and TDMA Frames

Higher Capacity Cell

0

Broadcast
Dedicated

60

60

60

Traffic

Traffic

Low Capacity Cell

0
Combined
Internal Use

Traffic
77

Combined Multiframe

Downlink
FS B

C FS C

C F S D0 D1 F S D2 D3 F S A0 A1 I

FS B

C FS C

C F S D0 D1 F S D2 D3 F S A2 A3 I

10

20

R = RACH (Random)
F = FCCH (Frequency)
C = CCCH (Common)
A = SACCH/4 (Associated)

30

40

50

B = BCCH (Broadcast)
S = SCH (Sync.)
D = SDCCH/4 (Dedicated)
I = Idle

Uplink
D3 R R A2 A3 R R

R R D0 D1 R R D2

D3 R R A2 A3 R R

R R D0 D1 R R D2

Internal Use

10

20

30

40

50
78

GSM Multiframe

TDMA Frames
0
0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

21 22 23 24 25

26 Frame Multiframe (120ms)

TRAFFIC CHANNELS
Internal Use

79

TCH Multiframe

Downlink
This is used to transmit a
Traffic Channel Combination
(TCH/ SACCH/FACCH). The
FACCH is not showed in the
diagram as it does not receive
its own time allocation. The
FACCH steals a time period
from the TCH is required.
The 13th frame is used by the
SACCH which carriers link
control information to and
from the mobile and BTS.
The 26th frame is idle.

25

12

25

IDLE

12
SACCH

0
Internal Use

IDLE

Uplink

SACCH

0
80

Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Cellular

Mobile System
Chapter 2 GSM Network Components
Chapter 3 Terrestrial Interface
Chapter 4 Service Area And Number Planning
Chapter 5 Channels On Air Interface
Chapter 6 Radio Technologies
Chapter 7 The Future Development

Internal Use

81

Objectives

On completion of this section you will be

able to know about the following radio
technologies :

GMSK Modulation Techniques

Power Control
VAD, DTX, DRX
Diversity
Frequency Hopping

Internal Use

82

Modulation Techniques

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Frequency Modulation (FM)
Phase Modulation (PM)
phase modulation can be implemented easily for digital
signals, this is the method which is used for the GSM
air interfaces. Phase Modulation is known as Phase
Shift Keying when applied to digital signals

Internal Use

83

Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)

Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
(GMSK)

1 0 0 1 1

Internal Use

Gaussian
Digital Filter

GMSK
Modulator

84

Timing Advance (TA)

The mobile phone should

Note: Max TA = 2t = 1/2*3.7s/bit*63bit*C=35km,

send the signal in advance!!

Not Applicable to RACH Bursts.

TX
RX

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0 01 2 3 4 5 6 7

TA

burst delay t (e.g. PCH)

burst delay t e.g

(RACH)
Total delay for round trip is t + t = 2t

Internal Use

85

Battery Life

Power Control

Voice Activity Detection VAD

Discontinuous Transmission DTX
Discontinuous Reception DRX

Internal Use

86

Power Control

Both Uplink and Downlink

power settings can be
controlled independently
and individually.

8W

0.8W
5W
Saves radio battery power
Reduces co-channel and
adjacent channel interference

Internal Use

87

VAD & DTX

Without DTX
Encoding the speech
silences at a rate of
500 bit/s rather than
the full 13Kb/s.
If the mobile does not
transmit
during
silence there is a
reduction in the
overall
power
output requirement

With DTX

Comfort
Noise
Internal Use

88

DTX

DTX: Discontinuous Transmission

Shut off the transmission when no speech detected;
Only transmit SID frames
The transcoder at the RX terminal produces comfortable noise based on
SID background noise.
Improvement on the C/I ratio.
VAD: Voice Activity Detection
Implemented in the transcoder.

Prolong
battery life
and reduce
interference
Internal Use

Note: DTX is not used on a BCCH carrier

and measurements must based no Sub
value.

89

DRX

DRX allows the mobile station to effectively switch off

during times when reception is deemed unnecessary.

BCCH Multiframe
PPPPPP

MS Being
MS in
paged
listen mode
Internal Use

P = Paging Channel
BCCH

PP

MS receive System
information

MS in
listen mode
90

DRX example

Internal Use

91

Multipath Fading

Diversity
Frequency

Hopping

Time Dispersion
Internal Use

92

Diversity
Approx. 10
wavelengths
When diversity is implemented two
antennas are situated at the
receiver. These antennas are
placed several wavelengths
apart to ensure minimum
correlation between the two
receive paths.

The two signals are then

combined, this ensures that a
low signal strength is less likely
to occur.

Compare or
add signals

Resultant Signal

Internal Use

93

Frequency Hopping

Each time the BTS or mobile transmits a burst, it

does so on a different RF carrier frequency.
Synthesizer
Hopping:each
timeslot
on
a
given
transceiver can transmit at
a different frequency

frequency

Baseband
Hopping:
each
transceiver stays at the
same frequency and the
data is switched to the
appropriate transceiver.

time
Internal Use

94

Frequency Hopping

F1

F1

Vs
F1
F1

Without FH
Internal Use

F2
F3

With FH
95

Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Cellular

Mobile System
Chapter 2 GSM Network Components
Chapter 3 Terrestrial Interface
Chapter 4 Service Area And Number Planning
Chapter 5 Channels On Air Interface
Chapter 6 Radio Technologies
Chapter 7 The Future Development

Internal Use

96

Objectives

On completion of this section you

will be able to know :

State the future development of digital

cellular mobile system

Internal Use

97

GSM User World Wide

GSM will stay in the Lead, all professional Market

Forecasts say

GSM users world wide in millions

Internal Use

98

Voice and Data Service

Service
amout

Data

Voice

Today

Internal Use

2000

Time
99

Mobile Communication and Internet

700
600
500
400
300
200
100

million

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Mobile

Internal Use

Internet
100

GSM Develop Path

3G
2.5G
2G

115 kbps
57.6 kbps

9.6 kbps

2Mbps
384kbps

IMT-2000

EDGE

GPRS

HSCSD

GSM

1999

Internal Use

2000

2001

101

Summary

Basic Concepts of Cellular Mobile System

GSM Network Components
Summary

Terrestrial Interface
Service Area and Number Planning
Channels on The Air Interface
Radio Technologies
The Future Development

Internal Use

102

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