Ethernet

While connecting computers through

networks we need to have set of
rules/standards for the data to travel from one
computer to other computer.
One such set of rules for the networking
traffic to follow is IEEE 802 standards.
Its developed by IEEE (Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers, Inc.)
The IEEE 802 standards are further divided
into many parts. They are,
IEEE 802.2 Logical link control
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet (CSMA/CD)
IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN & Mesh (Wi-Fi
certification)

Ethernet Cabling
Name

Cable

Max.
Segment /
wire
Length

Maximum
number of
Nodes
/Segment

Advantages

10Base
5

Thick
coax

500 m

100

Long cable
length

10Base
2

Thin coax

185 m

30

Low cost

10Base
-T

Twisted
pair

100 m

1024

Easy to maintain

10Base
-F

Fiber
optics

2000 m

1024

No noise
interference

Repeaters

Making connections Tools

Step 1 Strip cable end

Strip 1 1 of insulating sheath
Avoid cutting into conductor insulation

Step 2 Untwist wire

ends
Sort wires by insulation colors

Step 3 Arrange wires

TIA/EIA 568A: GW-G OW-Bl BlW-O BrW-Br
TIA/EIA 568B: OW-O GW-Bl BlW-G BrW-Br

Step 4 Trim wires to size

Trim all wires evenly
Leave about of wires
exposed

Step 5 Attach connector

Maintain wire order,
left-to-right, with
RJ45 tab facing
downward

Step 6 - Check
Do all wires extend to end?
Is sheath well inside connector?

Step 7 - Crimp
Squeeze firmly to crimp connecter
onto cable end (8P)

Step 8 Test
Does the cable
work?

Linear topology
The linear
topology is like a
single cable
running in all
portions of
building. The
stations are
connected to the
cable through
tapping

Spine topology
It looks like our back
one spinal cord,
where multiple
numbers of
horizontal cables
are connected to a
vertical line through
special amplifiers or
repeaters

Tree topology
This is most
general topology
because a
network with
two paths
between some
pairs of stations
would suffer
from
interference

Segmented topology
Since each
version of 802.3
has maximum
cable length per
segment, to
allow larger
networks,
repeaters can
connect multiple
cables

Manchester Encoding
The normal binary logics of one and zero are no more
used to send data from one station to other station.
The reason of not using plain binary signal is they
cause ambiguities resulting in false interpretation of
sent data.
The major culprit is zero, where even no data is sent
the receiver can assume it as zero.
So to clear out the ambiguity or to ensure proper
interpretation of data, a coding technique called
Manchester coding is employed in IEEE802.3 standards

MAC Sublayer Protocol

The binary Exponential

Backoff Algorithm
Exponential backoff is an algorithm that uses feedback to
multiplicatively decrease the rate of some process, in order to
gradually find an acceptable rate.
It is often used in network congestion avoidance to help
determine the correct sending rate.
For example, a sender might send a message, set a timer to wait
0.25 seconds for an acknowledgment, and if none arrives,
retransmit the message and wait 0.5 seconds for an
acknowledgment.
It will continue to retry until it receives an acknowledgement and
will wait, 1s, 2s, 4s, 8s, etc. each time before retrying.
Time slots are defined to be 51.2sec during contention period.
After i collisions, backoff random number of intervals between 0
and 2i -1. i is bounded at 10. After 16 attempts, the sender quits