P UBLIC P OLICY F ORMULATION &

I MPLEMENTATION IN P AKISTAN
 I NTRODUCTION
 To address public issues
 Three parts of public Policy
 Problems
 Players
 Policy
 Involvement of Interest groups and
advocacy
 D EFINITION

A system of laws, regulatory

measures, courses of action,
funding priorities concerning a
given topic promulgated by a
governmental entity or its
representatives.
 T RAITS
( T HOMAS A. B IRKLAND )

 Made in the publics name

 Made or initiated by Government
 Interpreted and implemented by
public and private sector
 What the Government intends to do
 What the government chooses not to
do
 P URPOSE OF PUBLIC
POLICY

 National development
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

ECONOMIC SECTOR SOCIAL SECTOR

POPULATION etc.
EDUCATION HEALTH
 P URPOSE OF PUBLIC
POLICY

 A CTUALIZATION OF PUBLIC ASPIRATIONS

 Clear course of action

 National development
 Equilibrium in international relations
 Solution of reigning issues
 Effective utilization of resources
 P URPOSE OF PUBLIC POLICY

 Actualization of public aspirations

 Clear course of actions
 Social Harmony
 Equilibrium in international relations
 Solution of reigning issues
 Effective utilization of resources
 T YPES OF PUBLIC
POLICY

 Regulatory
 Distributive
 Redistributive
 Capitalization
 Ethical
 P ROCESS OF PUBLIC
POLICY
 Problem identification
 Agenda setting
 Policy formulation
 Policy Implementation
 Policy Evaluation
 N ATIONAL E DUCATION
P OLICY 1998-2010
 Aims & Objectives
 Literacy & Non – Formal Education
 Elementary Education
 Secondary Education
 Teacher Education
 Technical & Vocational Education
 N ATIONAL E DUCATION
P OLICY 1998-2010
 Higher Education
 Information Technology
 Library Services
 Private Sector
 Innovative Programmes
 R EASONS FOR FAILURE OF
PUBLIC POLICY IN PAKISTAN
 Bureaucratism
 Governmentism
 Sectoralism
 Bargaining
 Lack of funding
 R EASONS FOR FAILURE OF
PUBLIC POLICY IN PAKISTAN

 Poor parliamentary oversight

 Capitalistic policy
 Corrupt public sector
 Military takeovers
 Influence of united states of
America
 C RITICAL A NALYSIS

 Policies are formulated against

public
 Lack of foresight and nationalism
 Urgent need of realistic policies
 R EFERENCES

 An introduction to the policy process by Thomas

A.Birkland
 Public policy Scope and Logic by Fred M.Frohock
 Advanced Public Administration by M. Imtiaz
Shahid & Memona Shahid
 Political Thoughts (Revised & Enlarged Edition) by S.
Vijayaraghvan & R. Jayaram
 Guidelines from Mr. Michael Adler (A scholar in
Wilson institute of public Policy)