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NETWORKS
UNIT-1
Introduction
to
Telecommunication Networks
TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Definition
THE TELEPHONE
SIGNIFICANCE OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS:
TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS
The following figure shows a small part of a
telecommunication network. It mainly consists of
exchanges
trunks
subscriber lines
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STANDARDIZATION
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EXAMPLES OF INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDIZATION
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NATIONAL STANDARDIZATION
AUTHORITIES
European
Organizations
AMERICAN ORGANIZATIONS
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE)
The Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
The Telecommunications Industry Association
(TIA) has been developing global third generation
cellular systems together with ETSI from Europe
and the Association of Radio Industries and
Broadcasting (ARIB) from Japan
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GLOBAL ORGANIZATIONS
The International Telecommunication Union
(ITU) is a specialized agency of the United
Nations responsible for telecommunications
International Telegraph and Telephone
Consultative Committee (CCITT/ ITU-T) is
presently called ITU-T, where the T comes from
telecommunications
International Radio Consultative Committee
(CCIR/ITU-R) is presently known as ITU-R,
where the R stands for radio
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OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is
responsible for the evolution of the Internet
architecture
The Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System (UMTS) Forum is an open organization of
cellular system manufacturers
The Telemanagement Forum (TMF) is an
organization of system manufacturers that works
to speed the development of network
management standards.
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concerned, for which the traffic volume or the number of call attempts is
greatest.
Time consistent Busy Hour: The 1-hour period starting at the same time
each day for which the average traffic volume or the number of call attempts
is greatest over the days under consideration.
Busy hour call attempts (BHCA): The number of call attempt in the busy
hour is called Busy hour call attempts (BHCA), which is an important
parameter in deciding the processing capacity of a common control or a
stored program control system of an exchange.
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Where
A=offered traffic
A0=carried traffic
A-A0 =lost traffic
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EXAMPLES:
1. An exchange serves 2000 subscribers. If the average
BHCA is 10,000 and the CCR is 60%, calculate the busy
hour calling rate.
2. In a group of 10 servers, each is occupied for 30 minutes
in an observation interval of two hours. Calculate the
traffic carried by the group.
3. A group of 20 servers carry a traffic of 10 erlangs. If the
average duration of a call is three minutes, calculate the
number of calls put through by a single server and the
group as a whole in a one-hour period.
4. A Subscriber makes three phone calls of three minutes,
four minutes and two minutes duration in a one-hour
period. Calculate the subscriber traffic in erlangs, CCS
and CM.
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Explain
Answer to Examples:
1. Given
N = 2000 suscriber
BHCA = 10000
CCR = 60% = 60/100 = 0.6
Calculate BHCR = ?
Solution: BHCR is given by
BHCR = Average busy hour calls
Total number of subscriber
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but
Average busy hour calls = BHCA x CCR
= 10000 x 0.6 = 6000 calls
BHCR = 6000/2000 = 3
2.
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