STRUCTURE ASSESSMENT

INTRODUCTION
RELIABILITY STRUCTURE
The probabilistic measure of assurance of
performance with respect to some prescribed
conditions. A condition can refer to an ultimate
limit state (such as collapse) or serviceability
limit state (such as excessive deflection and/or
vibration)

INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURE ASSESSMENT
purpose of assessment is to know the
condition and ability of the structure
the results of assessment may be used to
determine necessary action to be taken,
(prioritize inspection, inspection methods,
repair or retrovit)
assessment involving code driven inspection,
experience and field survey

PHILOSOPHY OF RISK BASED

INSPECTION IN STRUCTURE
ASSESSMENT

Risk is a function of both probability of failure and

consequences of failure.
Risk based strategies use the concept of risk to focus
inspection and maintenance resources to the parts of
the plant where they have the greatest benefit in
reducing risk.
Risk based strategies only work when a feedback
process is used on a regular basis to keep the risk
assessment and strategy up to date.

RISK MATRIX
Risk = Probability of Failure X Consequences of
Failure
CONSEQUENCES OF FAILURE
PROBABILITY OF
FAILURE

LOW

MEDIUM

HIGH

(3)

(2)

(1)

HIGH

(1)

MEDIUM

(2)

LOW

(3)

PURPOSES OF STRUCTURE
ASSESSMENT
Inventory the structure facilities and
equipment condition
Overall reduction in risk for the facilities and
equipment assessed
Acceptance/understanding of the current risk
Predictive maintenance

ASSESSMENT METHOD

COLLECTING DATA
QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT
(VISUAL INSPECTION + NDE IF NECESSARY)
PROBABILITY AND CONSEQUENCES OF
STRUCTURE FAILURE
STRUCTURE RISK (CRITICALLITY RANKING)
QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT (NDT/NDE
PERFORMANCE)
STRUCTURE ANALYSIS/ENGINEERING
ANALYSIS
RECOMMENDATION

ASSESSMENT METHOD

Structure classification

Visual inspection (qualitative)

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

Member condition
Deformation
Connection member
Environment and safety hazards

NDT inspection (quantitative)

MT/PT
UT (thickness and or scanning)
Eddy current
Load test (if applicable)

ASSESSMENT METHOD

Define Probability of Failure

Service condition
Environment
Construction quality record

Define Consequences of Failure

Standby
Finance
Location

Structure analysis (applicable code)

Actual load
Deflection limit and Stress analysis

REFERENCE

STANDARD CODE
ACI (AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE)

ACI 318

ACI 117
AISC (AMERICAN INSTITUTE of STELL CONSTRUCTION)

ASD (ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN)

LRFD (LOAD RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN)

CLIENT SPESIFICATION
ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION DATA

PERSONNEL & EQUIPMENT

Personnel in Each Plant

Structure Engineer (1 person)

Structure Inspector (2 person)
NDT/NDE Inspector (2 person)
Helper (3 person)

Inspection Equipment
Welding Gage
Measurement Gage (caliper, roll meter, etc)
Binocular and inspection mirror
Scraper, hammer & wire brush
UT Thickness
Safety Equipment
Camera with high resolution (optional)

Steel Member
Structural deficiencies affecting steel member :
Corrosion
- Minor/Light
A surface corrosion with no apparent loss of section
- Moderate
Corrosion that is loose and flaking with some pitting. The scale or
exfoliation can be removed with some effort by use of a scrapper
or
chipping hammer. The element exhibits measurable but not
significant loss of section
- Severe
Heavy, stratified corrosion or corrosion scales with extensive
pitting. Removal requires exerted effort and may require
mechanical means. Significant loss of section

Steel Member
Impacted Corrosion
Corrosion collected between two interfacing surfaces, usually two steel
plates. Impacted corrosion can be minor, moderate, or severe as
described above. Impacted corrosion can severely deform the steel
member due to expansive nature of the corrosion product.

Pitting
Formation of cavities due to corrosion

CONCRETE MEMBER
Structural deficiencies affecting steel member :

Cracking (overstress, corrosion & general)

A separation into two or more parts as identified by the space between fracture surfaces in the
concrete
- Hairline - crack width less than 1/32 in
- Fine crack width between 1/32 in and 1/16 in
- Medium crack width between 1/16 in and 1/18 in
- Wide crack width greater than 1/8 in

Efflorescence
A white deposit caused by crystallization of soluble salts brought to the surface by moisture
leaching through the concrete

Delamination
A layered separation of the concrete. When a delaminated area of concrete is struck (sounded)
with a hammer, ahollow sound will be emitted

Leaching
The dissolution and washing away of the calcium hydroxide in concrete. Moisture enters the
through cracks open to the surface.

CONCRETE MEMBER

Spall
A roughly circular, oval, or elongated depression in the surface of a
concrete element caused by separation of a portion of the surface
concrete.
- Small (pop-out) less than 6 in in diameter and 1 in deep
- Medium between 6 in and 12 in in diameter and up to 2 in deep
- Large over 12 in in diameter and any depth

Scaling (Erosion)
The gradual loss of surface mortar and aggregates
- Light loss of surface mortar up to in deep
- Medium loss of surface mortar between in and in deep,
including loss between large agregate
- Heavy loss of mortar greater than in deep significantly
exposing
large agregate

CONCRETE MEMBER

Hollow Area
An area of concrete that emits a hollow sound when struck with a
hammer, indicating the existence of a fracture plane beneath the
surface

Honeycomb
Typically small pocket voids formed by the entrapment of air during the
placement of the concrete

END PRESENTATION