CAUSE AND

EFFECTS

VOLCANOES

Group Members
Putu Agastya
(03)
I Putu Agi Karasugi (04)
Cintya Meriasti
(13)
Dandy Christopher (14)

DEFINITION
A volcano is simply a rupture (opening or vent) on the
earth's surface (crust) through which molten magma
(extremely hot mixture of gases, lava, ash and other
burning substances) escape on to the earth's surface.
These volcanoes can erupt and pose many hazards. An
erupting

volcano

can

produce

sulfuric

acid

and

poisonous ash and trigger tsunamis, flash floods,

earthquakes, mudflows and rockfalls.
DANDY CHRISTOPHER (14)

Scientists have categorized volcanoes into three

main categories: active, dormant, and extinct.
An active volcano is one which has recently
erupted and there is a possibility that it may
erupt soon. A dormant volcano is one which
has not erupted in a long time but there is a
possibility it can erupt in the future. An extinct
volcano is one which has erupted thousands of
years ago and theres no possibility of eruption.
DANDY CHRISTOPHER (14)

Volcanoes are grouped into three types: cinder cones,

composite volcanoes, shield volcanoes and lava
volcanoes.

Cinder Cones

Composite Volcanoes

Shield Volcanoes

DANDY CHRISTOPHER (14)

Cinder cones are circular or oval cones made up of

small fragments of lava from a single vent that have
been blown into the air, cooled and fallen around the
vent.

Composite volcanoes are steep-sided volcanoes

composed of many layers of volcanic rocks, usually
made from high-viscosity lava, ash and rock debris.

Shield volcanoes are volcanoes shaped like a bowl or

shield in the middle with long gentle slopes made by
basaltic lava flows. Basalt lava flows from these
volcanoes are called flood basalts.

Cinder Cone Volcanoes

DANDY CHRISTOPHER (14)

Composite Volcanoes

DANDY CHRISTOPHER (14)

Shield Volcanoes

DANDY CHRISTOPHER (14)

Causes
Volcanoes are formed when magma from within
the Earth's upper mantle works its way to the
surface. At the surface, it erupts to form lava
flows and ash deposits. Over time as the
volcano continues to erupt, it will get bigger and
bigger.

Putu Agastya (03)

Volcanoes erupt because of density and pressure.

The lower density of the magma relative to the
surrounding rocks causes it to rise (like air bubbles in
soda). It will rise to the surface or to a depth that is
determined by the density of the magma and the
weight of the rocks above it. As the magma rises,
bubbles start to form from the gas dissolved in the
magma. The gas bubbles exert tremendous pressure.
This pressure helps to bring the magma to the surface
and forces it in the air, sometimes to great heights.
Putu Agastya (03)

ERUPTION PROCESS

Putu Agastya (03)

UNDERSEA ERUPTION

Putu Agastya (03)

EFFECTS
Unlike other natural disasters such as floods, wild fires and
earthquakes, volcanoes can have some positive effects, even
though they can be very disastrous.
Negative effects can include:
Eruptions occurring close to human settlements may spill and
destroy lives and buildings. People often have to be evacuated.
Ash discharged very high into the stratosphere can have
negative consequences on the ozone layer.
Landscapes and natural sceneries can be destroyed.
Ash and mud can mix with rain and melting snow, forming
lahars. Lahars are mudflows flowing at very fast pace.

Cintya Meriasti (13)

And the positive effects:

Different types of erupting volcanoes provide
extraordinary scenery, so beautiful and natural
that they attract tourists to the area, bringing in
some economic value.
Places close to volcanic activities tend to have
higher potential for geothermal energy, which
can be an advantage to the towns and cities.
Some ash and lava breakdown become soils
that are rich in nutrients, and become good
areas for crop planting activities.

Cintya Meriasti (13)

Mt. Rabaul aftermath

Cintya Meriasti (13)

Building destroyed by lava

Cintya Meriasti (13)

Mount St. Helens, Post-Eruption

Cintya Meriasti (13)

Conclusion
In conclusion, volcanoes are cracks in the Earths crusts where magma has
reached the surface and turned into lava. There are about 500 volcanoes spread out
all over the world. Although volcanoes are most known for the destruction they can
do, there are some cases where volcanoes have helped create lands such as the
beautiful Hawaiian Islands. There is no experience that is more impressive than
seeing one of these spectacular volcanoes, and they are sure to leave lasting
impressions on people of any age.
Volcanologists look for clues that will help them predict when a volcano will
erupt. Thanks for their dangerous work, many lives can be saved from what
volcanologists discover.

I Putu Agi Karasugi (04)

 Who wrote the text?

We wrote the text together

Who is the text likely to be for?

The text is likely for the students and people

who wants to know more about volcanoes

The purpose of writing the text

The purpose is to give the idea about

volcano and to expand their knowledge

The advantages of using the expressions of

cause and effect are such as:
They can relate a happening event to the
source reasons
They can give more detailed explanation about
an event
Ease people to read an event. They can find
the cause and learn the effects quickly

THANK YOU