OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY

AND HEALTH
MANAGEMENT
AN OVERVIEW
by
Razali Abdul Majid
MIOSH

OSHA 1994

Spirit of OSHA 1994

Self Regulation
Workers Cooperation & Consultation
All economic activities except shipping and armed forces

Guiding principles

Responsibilities for OSH lies with those WHO CREATE THE

RISK and those WHO WORK WITH THE RISK
Concept of so far as is REASONABLE / PRACTICABLE
To achieve the above , need OSH MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

MIOSH

 PRACTICABLE

SEVERITY OF RISK

KNOWLEDGE ON HAZARDS/RISK/CONTROL

AVAILABILITY & SUITABILITY OF

CONTROL MEASURES

COST OF CONTROL MEASURES

MIOSH

THE CONCEPT OF
SAFETY AND HEALTH
MANAGEMENT

MIOSH

WHY MANAGE SAFETY ?

Is Safety and Health a common sense or need
to be managed ?
Many accidents investigated by DOSH shows
that most of them are contributed either by
directly or indirectly by lack of control and poor
safety provisions at the workplace !
Be proactive than to be reactive

MIOSH

LACK OF
CONTROL

BASIC
CAUSES

INADEQUATE

PERSONAL
FACTOR

PROGRAM
PROGRAM
STANDARD
COMPLIANCE
TO
STANDARD

MIOSH

JOB
FACTOR

IMMEDIATE
CAUSES

SUBSTANDARD
ACTS
AND
CONDITIONS

INCIDENT

LOSS

CONTACT
WITH
ENERGY
OR
SUBSTANCE

PEOPLE
PROPERTY
PROCESS

MIOSH

LOSS

INCIDENT

IMMEDIATE CAUSES

BASIC CAUSES

LACK OF CONTROL

MIOSH

OF
CO
NT
RO
L

LOSS

INCIDENT

IMMEDIATE CAUSES

BASIC CAUSES

LA
CK

MIOSH

CO
NT
RO
L

LOSS

INCIDENT

IMMEDIATE CAUSES

CA
US
ES

OF

BA
SIC

LA
CK

MIOSH

OF
CO
NT
RO
L

M
ED
IA
TE

CA
US
ES

LOSS

INCIDENT

IM

LA
CK

IC
S
BA
E
S
U
A
C

MIOSH

LOSS

IM

TE
A
I
ED

ES
S
U
CA

EN
T

IC
S
BA

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S
U
CA

IN
CI
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O

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O
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O
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K
C
LA

MIOSH

OF

OL
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CO

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BA

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IM

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ED

SE
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CID

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S
LO

K
C
LA

MIOSH

OF

OL
R
T
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CO

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BA

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A
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IM

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AT
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ED

SE
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IN

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CID

S
S
LO

MIOSH

Humanitarian and Moral Obligation

Management fully committed and sincerely promote Safety &
Health in workplace.
Proper attention to employees will results in good human
relation, harmony and conducive working environments.
Financial Reasons
Accident cost money ( every RM 1 spent for safety and Health
the return is RM 3 )
Legal Requirements
Minimal requirements

INJURY & ILLNESS COSTS

RM 1

RM 5-50

RM 1-3

MIOSH

LEDGER COST OF
PROPERTY DAMAGE
( UNINSURED COSTS)
UNINSURED
MISCELLANEOUS
COST

WHY SAFETY & HEALTH

MANAGEMENT ?

MIOSH

Are Safety & Health are part of the Management

Systems ?
A well managed organisations normally have a
better accident record, Therefore the way safety and
health is managed can be used as a barometer of an
efficient business.
OSH management systems model is similar to
business control model or quality management
model

 Piper Alpha Fire - Lord Cullen

The
Safety Management System should set out
the safety objective. the system by
which these objectives are to be achieved,
and the performance standards which are to
be met and the means by which adherence
to the standard is to be monitored

MIOSH

PLAN
DO

ACT
CHECK
MIOSH

CONTINUAL
IMPROVEMENT

ACT
REVIEW
AND
IMPROVEMENT

MEASUREMENT

COMMITMENT
& POLICY

PLAN

PLANNING

&

EVALUATION

MIOSH

CHECK

IMPLEMENTATION
& OPERATION

DO

TOP
MGMT

Management Leadership / Commitment

Policy & Strategic Objectives

SAFETY&HEALTH

PROFESSIONAL

Risk Management
Plan & Procedures

Corrective
Action

Implementation

Monitor

Audit

Corrective Action & Improvement

FEEDBACK FOR IMPROVEMENT

MIDDLE
MGMT

Organisation, resources, responsibility

Standards, Documentation

Management Review
Corrective Action & Improvement
MIOSH

OHS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MODEL

Continual Improvement

OHS
Policy

Management
Review

Measurement
and
Evaluation
MIOSH

Planning
Implementation

POLICY

ORGANISING

AUDITING

PLANNING &
IMPLEMENTING

MEASURING
PERFORMANCE

REVIEWING
PERFORMANCE

MIOSH

ILO-OSH 2001

MIOSH

Malaysian OSH-MS

MIOSH

HOW OSH INFLUENCE

THE BUSINESS & STRATEGIC CORE
VALUE

Corporate strategy and social

responsibility
Finance
Human Resources
Marketing, Product design & product
liability
Manufacturing & Operating Policy
Information management & system

MIOSH

Corporate strategy and

social responsibility
Business mission, philosophy &
code of ethics
Company image in the community
Policy on OSH
Management professionalism

MIOSH

Finance
Loss control and cost reduction strategies
Aspect on non-speculative risk
management (product liability, security,
property damage, financial loss & legal
liability)
Investment decisions on new business
acquisitions,premises,plant & processes
General financing planning & budgetary
control

MIOSH

Human Resources
Recruitment, selection, placement,
transfer, training, development & learning
Structuring of the organisation to promote
a positive health & safety culture
Work and job structuring to achieve
participation and involvement
Health promotion activities
Communication

MIOSH

Marketing, Product
design & product liability
Specification

of product &
service to health & safety
standards
National legal requirement
International requirement
National and international
consensus standards
MIOSH

Manufacturing &
Operating Policy
Design/selection/construction/maintenanc
e of premises, plant, equipment &
substances
Design of jobs and the application of
safety, health and ergonomic principles
and appropriate strategies for risk
elimination, reduction and control
Quality management
Environmental management and waste
disposal

MIOSH

Information management
& system
Identification of data critical to the
management of OSH
Selection of appropriate
performance indicators
Use of information technology in
collection and analysis of essential
data

MIOSH

OSH
Performance Standards
& Indicators

MIOSH

OSH Performance
Standards & Indicators
Performance

Standards :-

To be established progressively after a

thorough analysis of the needs of the
organisation and of existing, and
possible future, risks.
Should cover both organisational
procedures and the control of specific
risks.
MIOSH

Setting Performance

Standards & Indicators

Three

Main Areas for setting PS

necessary to control and measure
performance : Input to the organisation
Work activities within the
organisation
Output from the organisation

MIOSH

Setting PS&PI at
INPUT STAGE

Objective is to eliminate and

minimise hazards and risk entering
the organisation.
Should cover:
Physical Resources
Human Resources
Information

MIOSH

Setting PS&PI at
INPUT STAGE

Physical

Resources:

Design, selection, purchase &

construction

of workplace
Installation of plant & substances
used by organisation

Plants & substances used by others

Acquisition of new business
MIOSH

Setting PS&PI at
INPUT STAGE

Human

Resources:

Recruitment and selection of all

employees
The selection of contracting
organisation

MIOSH

Setting PS&PI at
INPUT STAGE

Information:

Relating direct to OSH such as: Legislation

( Acts and Regulations)

and related Standards, guidelines

Technical and management

information relating to
risk control and
development of positive OSH culture

MIOSH

Setting PS&PI at

INTERNAL ACTIVITY STAGE

Objective is to eliminate and minimise risks
arising inside the organisation
Should cover :
Four elements involve in creating OSH
culture

Control,
Communication,
Cooperation
Competence

MIOSH

&

Setting PS&PI in

Control
To

establish nature and frequency of :

Policy formulation and development

Organisational development
Planning, measuring and reviewing
organisational and individual
performance
Auditing the whole OSHMS

MIOSH

Setting PS&PI
in

Cooperation

To

establish nature and frequency

of :

SHC meeting and formal consultative

meeting
Preparation of minutes of such
meeting with action points
Problem solving meeting

MIOSH

Setting PS&PI
in

Communication

To establish nature and frequency of :

Collection of information from external sources

Top management involvement in:

Safety tour
Incident investigation
Planning, monitoring, auditing & reviewing performance

Tool box talks

Documentation of policies, performance standards, rules
and procedures
Posters, bulletins, newspaper or others
Preparation and dissemination of information to outside
organisation

MIOSH

Setting PS&PI
in
To

Competence

secure the competence of employees :

Recruitment and placement procedures

Provision of information and training
Arrangements for supervised on-the-job
experience
Availability of competent cover for staff
absences
General health promotion and surveillance

MIOSH

Setting PS&PI at

INTERNAL ACTIVITY STAGE

These

4 elements to be
establish in 4 sources of Risk :
1. Premises
Place

of work, entrance, exit,

working environment, welfare
facilities and all plant & facilities
which are part of fixed structure.

MIOSH

Setting PS&PI at

INTERNAL ACTIVITY STAGE

2. Plant & substances
Handling,

transport, storage & use

3. Procedure
Design

of job & work procedures and all aspect of

the way work is done

4. People
Placement

& competence
Health surveillance

MIOSH

Setting PS&PI at
OUTPUT STAGE
Objective

is to minimise the risk to

people outside the organisation
whether from work activities, the
product and services.
Should covers: Product and services
By-products of work activities
Information
MIOSH

Setting PS&PI at
OUTPUT STAGE
Product

and services :

Design and research on safety and health

and safe use of products and surveillance of
users to identify evidence of harm
Deliver and transport products including
packaging, labelling and intermediate
storage
Installation, setting up, cleaning and
maintenance of products undertaken by
either employees or contractors.

MIOSH

Setting PS&PI at
OUTPUT STAGE
By-products

of work activities :

Offsite risks arising from work

activities both at fixed or transient
sites.
Output to environment-waste &
atmospheric emissions
Disposal of plant, equipment and
substances
MIOSH

Setting PS&PI at
OUTPUT STAGE
Information :

Health and Safety information provided to

those transporting, handling, storing,
purchasing, using and disposing of products
For those who may be affected by work
activities, such as members of public, other
employers and employees, emergency
services and planning authorities.

MIOSH

PERFORMANCE
MEASUREMENT/
EVALUATION
&
AUDIT
MIOSH

POLICY

ORGANISING

AUDITING

PLANNING &
IMPLEMENTING

MEASURING
PERFORMANCE

REVIEWING
PERFORMANCE

MIOSH

OHS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MODEL

Continual Improvement

OHS
Policy

Management
Review

Measurement
and
Evaluation
MIOSH

Planning
Implementation

ILO-OSH 2001

MIOSH

WHY MEASURE ?

MIOSH

Historical accident reports can be

unreliable, deceptive indicator of safety
performance.
Low accident rate is no guarantee that
risks are being effectively controlled.
To develop positive OSH culture
To measure effectiveness in control of
all risk

Performance monitoring
and measurement- OSHMS

MIOSH

Procedures to monitor, measure and record

organisations OSH performance on a regular basis
should be developed, established and periodically
reviewed.

The selection of performance indicators should be

according to the size and nature of activity of the
organisation and the OSH objectives.

Both qualitative and quantitative measures

appropriate to the needs of the organisation should be
considered.

Performance monitoring and

measurement should:
a) be used as a means of determining the
extent to which OSH policy and
objectives are being implemented and
risks are controlled;
b) include both active and reactive
monitoring, and not be based only upon
work-related injuries, disabilities, ill
health, diseases and near misses
statistics; and
c) be recorded.
MIOSH

Monitoring should provide:

a) feedback on OSH performance;
b) information to determine whether the
day-to-day arrangements for hazard and
risk identification, prevention and control
are in place and operating effectively;
and
c) the basis for decisions about
improvement in hazard identification and
risk control, and the OSH management
system.
MIOSH

MEASURING & MONITORING

PERFORMANCE

MIOSH

ACTIVE MONITORING SYSTEM

REACTIVE MONITORING SYSTEM

ACTIVE MONITORING
SYSTEM

MIOSH

Essential feedback on performance before an

accident, ill health or an incident.

Basis for rewarding good OSH performance

which reinforce increase motivation to achieve
continued improvement in performance.

Basis of decision making about improvement

in OSH Performance before any
incident/damage occurred.

Active monitoring should contain the

elements of proactive system

a) monitoring of the achievement of specific plans,

established performance criteria and objectives;
b) the systematic inspection of work systems, premises,
plant and equipment;
c) surveillance of the working environment, including
work organisation;
d) surveillance of employees' health, where appropriate,
through suitable medical monitoring or follow-up of
employees for early detection of signs and symptoms of
harm to health in order to determine the effectiveness of
prevention and control measures; and
e) compliance with applicable national laws and
regulations, collective agreements and other
commitments on OSH to which the organisation
subscribes

MIOSH

Eg of ACTIVE MONITORING

MIOSH

Managers check monitoring activities undertaken by

subordinates
Monthly or quarterly reports or returns to monitor
achievement of objectives
Periodic examinations of documents to check the
standards relating to promotion of safety & health
culture. Eg: Fulfillment of training need
Systematic and regular inspections of premises
Environmental monitoring and health surveillance
Direct observation of work and behavior by first line
supervisors
Operation of audit systems
Questionnaire surveys of managers and workers
Regular reports on OSH performance at main board
level.

REACTIVE MONITORING SYSTEM

Monitoring after incidence or accident

had occurred.
Recognition and reporting of:

MIOSH

Lost time injuries & diseases

Incidents and near misses
Medical treatment/No lost time
Other loss events eg Damage to property
Weakness or omissions in performance
standard

Reactive monitoring should include the

identification, reporting and investigation of:

a) work-related injuries, disabilities, ill

health (including monitoring of aggregate
sickness absence records), diseases and
near misses;

b) other losses, such as damage to property;

c) deficient safety and health performance,

and OSH management system failures; and

d) employees' rehabilitation and healthrestoration programmes.

MIOSH

INCIDENT RECORDING
Eg of Reactive Monitoring

INCIDENT BOOK
A record of the initial report with details of
the incident, time, name etc

INVESTIGATION REPORT
DETAILED RECORD FORM
For collection of accurate information abut
the circumstances of the incident

LOG & SUMMARY RECORD

For examination of basic information on a
number of incident

MIOSH

Reporting and response system

MIOSH

Ensure that information from

active and reactive monitoring is
evaluated by people competent to
identify situations which create an
immediate risk to health or safety,
and to ensure that appropriate
remedial action is taken

Investigation System

MIOSH

Reports arising from active and reactive

monitoring, with priority being given to
those circumstances which present the
greatest risk
Identification of both immediate and
underlying cause of events
Referral information to the level of
management with authority to initiate the
necessary remedial action
Adequate analysis of all collected data to
identify common features or trends and
initiate improvements.

ACTIVE

REACTIVE

ACTION NECESSARY
FOR IMMEDIATE RISK

INVESTIGATE

RESULT & ANALYSIS

REVIEW

AUDIT &
REVIEWING
PERFORMANCE

MIOSH

AUDIT & REVIEWING

PERFORMANCE

In organisation achieving success in OSH,

this is the final step in the OSHMS control
cycle.

Constitute the feedback loop needed to

enable the organisation to maintain and
develop its ability to manage risks to the
fullest possible extent.

Also essential to ensure the continued

effectiveness of OSHMS

MIOSH

Why Audit?

All control system tend to

deteriorate over time or to become
obsolete as a result of change.

To provide independent
assessment of the validity and
reliability of the management
planning and control systems.

MIOSH

Effective OSH Audits

Carried out by competent people who

are independent of the area or section
being audited.
Designed to assess the following key
elements of OSHMS

MIOSH

Policy & Organisation

Planning & Implementation
Monitoring and Evaluation System
Reviewing System

Effective OSH Audits

Overall effectiveness of policy implementation is

assessed internally with particular reference to the
following four keys performance indicators:

Degree of compliance with OSH performance standards

Identification of areas where standards are absent or
inadequate
Achievement of specific objectives
Accident, ill health and incident data together with
analyses of immediate and underlying cause,trends and
common features.

OSH performance is assessed externally by

comparison with other organisation.

MIOSH

Effective OSH Audits

Maximise learning and to ensure that appropriate action is taken to

improve the control of specific risk.

Information is obtained on the validity and reliability of whole

OSHMS planning and control system

Appropriate remedial action is taken to deal with specific issues

arising from measurement activities and to ensure that progress in
implementing remedial action is followed through according to plan

Improve overall OSH performance and further develop their OSH

policies

MIOSH

MIOSH