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1
Relationship between Bandwidth and
Receiver Power
What happens when two different signals with
different bandwidths are sent through the channel?
What is the receiver power characteristics for both signals?
We mean the bandwith of the baseband signal
The bandwidth of the baseband is signal is inversely
related with its symbol rate.
One symbol
Lowbandwidth
(Narrowband)
Signal
Continuous
Wave (CW)
Signal
t
Transmitter
p(t) x(t): transmitted signal
TREP
The output r(t) will approximate the channel impulse response since
p(t) approximates unit impulses.
1 N −1 jθi
r (t ) = ∑ ai e ⋅ p(t − τ i )
2 i =0
Assume the multipath components have random amplitudes and phases at
time t.
N −1 jθ i 2
N −1
Ea ,θ [ PWB ] = Ea ,θ ∑ ai e ∑ i = E[ PWB ]
2
= a
i =0 i =0
c(t)
N −1 2
∑ i
2 jθ i ( t ,τ )
The instantaneous power will be: r (t ) = a e
i =0
For example:
- if receiver moves λ meters then phase change is 2π .
In this case the component may add up posively to the total sum Σ .
In summary:
1. Received power for CW signals undergoes rapid fades over small distances
2. Received power for wideband signals changes very little of small distances.
3. However, the local area average of both signals are nearly identical.
Several Methods
Direct RF Pulse System
Spread Spectrum Sliding Correlator Channel
Sounding
Frequency Domain Channel Sounding
These techniques are also called channel
sounding techniques
fc
Pulse Generator
RF Link
Rx
Digital
BPF Detector
Oscilloscope
∑ kτ k
a 2
∑ P(τ )(τ ) k k
Mean excess delay( τ ): τ= k
= k
∑ k
a 2
k
∑ P(τ )
k
k
∑ kτ k
a 2 2
∑ k k)
P (τ )(τ 2
τ2 = k
= k
∑ k
a 2
k
∑ P(τ
k
k )
Defined as the time delay value after which the multipath energy
falls to X dB below the maximum multipath energy (not necesarily belonging
to the first arriving component).
Receiver
f2
If the symbol period of the baseband signal (reciprocal of the baseband signal
bandwidth) is greater the coherence time, than the signal will distort, since
channel will change during the transmission of the signal .
TC TC ≈ 1
fm
f2
f1
t1 ∆ t=t2 - t1 t2
Coherence time definition implies that two signals arriving with a time
separation greater than TC are affected differently by the channel.
Small-scale Fading
(Based on Doppler Spread)
Slow Fading
Fast Fading
1. Low Doppler Spread
1. High Doppler Spread
2. Coherence Time > Symbol Period
2. Coherence Time < Symbol Period
3. Channel variations smaller than baseband
3. Channel variations faster than baseband
signal variations
signal variations
τ << TS
0 TS 0 τ 0 TS+τ
τ >> TS
0 TS 0 τ 0 TS TS+τ
Flat Fast
Flat Slow
Fading
Fading
Symbol Period of
Transmitting Signal
TC
TS
Transmitted Symbol Period
BD
BS
Transmitted Baseband Signal Bandwidth
Rayleigh distribution has the probability density function (PDF) given by:
r2
−
r
e
2σ 2
p ( r ) = σ 2
(0 ≤ r ≤ ∞ )
0 ( r < 0)
σ 2 is the time average power of the received signal before envelope detection.
σ is the rms value of the received voltage signal before envelope detection
R R2
− 2
P( R) = Pr (r ≤ R ) = ∫ p (r )dr = 1 − e 2σ
∞
π
rmean = E[r ] = ∫ rp (r )dr = σ = 1.2533σ
0
2
rmedian
1
rmedian = 1.177σ found by solving =
2 ∫ p(r )dr
0
rrms = 2σ
0.6 0.6065/σ
mean = 1.2533σ
0.5 median = 1.177σ
variance = 0.4292σ 2
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
σ 2 3 4σ 5σ
σ σ
Threshold (R)
−ρ2
N R = 2π f m ρe
where
τ=
1
NR
Pr[ r ≤ R] =
1
NR
1− e −ρ 2
( )
ρ2
e −1 R
τ= , ρ=
ρf m 2π rrms
Threshold
Time t
Good Bad
(Non-fade) (Fade)
Good Bad
(Non-fade) (Fade)
1/ANFD
The rate going from Good to Bad state is: 1/AFD (AFD: Avg Fade Duration)
The rate going from Bad to Good state is: 1/ANFD (ANFD: Avg Non-Fade
Duration)