Mengajar Permainan

untuk Kefahaman [MPuK]

Teaching physical & sport activities

using the sole method : technique-led
method concept.
Purpose : helps students aware of various

techniques needed for playing different

sport activities.
Failed because inefficiency in helping
students to develop all-round abilities &
doesnt promote the development of
decision-making, creativity, application of
knowledge of sport skills to other areas of
learning.
Ahmad Rodzli Hashim, PJK.

TGfU
Rod Thorpe & David Bunker di

Universiti Loughboroungh : 1970an &

1980an
Tactical Games Model : Griffin et al.,
1997
Game Sense : Australian Sport
Commission, awal 1997
Sukan untuk Semua

Ahmad Rodzli Hashim, PJK.

Traditional teaching
When can we play a game
Not exploiting intrinsic motivation
Failing less and most able players
Focus on developing technique rather

than perception & decision making

People did not understand the games
Coach/ teacher dependent
Control rather than learning

Ahmad Rodzli Hashim, PJK.

Traditional teaching
Focus more on the development of
The motor program TECHNIQUE
Repetition drills and more drills

too much drills will kill the young

players (Wein, 2001)

Ahmad Rodzli Hashim, PJK.

Other reason
Fore dependent on the audience and

their need
Failure of the skill to transfer to game
Traditional approach disobeys some basic
skill acquisition principles
empowerment

Ahmad Rodzli Hashim, PJK.

Some core thought

How do people really learn play,
observation learning, lots of
practice,
Too much focus on how to rather
than how they learn?
Coach/ teacher education!!!

Ahmad Rodzli Hashim, PJK.

Rugby (Wayne Smith All Blacks)

we have a generations of rugby

players who cannot think for

themselves
Coaches do not trust the players to
make decisions for themselves and in
the end the coachs job is on the line

Ahmad Rodzli Hashim, PJK.

Until they have a technique how

can they play a game?
Unfortunately
Techniques seem to break down under
pressure
Many of the drills used do not transfer to
the real game
Players seem to choose the wrong
technique at key moments
They are different ways

Ahmad Rodzli Hashim, PJK.

Perception
(What you see)

Actions
(What you do)
Ahmad Rodzli Hashim, PJK.

There is no one perfect TECHNIQUE

So how we learn

A person cannot learn a new skill without

being told and/ or shown by an expert?

If you try to learn something without
expert help you will ended up develop
bad habits.
Errors and bad habits can only be
recognized and corrected by an expert.
There is a right technique for most
activities, one that has to be taught.
Intellectual understanding is a prerequisite of learning good technique.

Ahmad Rodzli Hashim, PJK.

Traditional
Coaching
Practice
10,000 hrs
How do we make
them want to
practice?
Does the type of
practice make a
difference?
What should the
players be practicing?

Game Sense
Coaching
games sense is a

logical way to
create tactical
understanding and
awareness, getting
the players to make
the right decisions
in various
situations
Ahmad Rodzli Hashim, PJK.

Smith on training sessions

I dont have a book of drills because every

time I go out there, I do something new. Drills

develop from the last training session and
reflect what we are trying to achieve next
week.
You dont have to do what other people do.
You think of a new way, e.g. if you want to
work on your forwards picking the ball up and
going through the middle of the defence, you
create ways to spread the defence at training.
They are not even drills; they are mini-games.
Ahmad Rodzli Hashim, PJK.

Model
Warm up
Start with the game (usually modified)
Game Appreciation
Tactical awareness
Decisions making (what, how, when,

why)
Skill (Individual determined)
Performance
Ahmad Rodzli Hashim, PJK.

1. Game
form
6. Situated
performance

Learner

2. Game
Concept

3. Thinking
Strategically

5. Movement
execution
4. Decision Making
What

How

To do?

To do?
Ahmad Rodzli Hashim, PJK.

Legitimate
peripheral
participatio
n
6. Situated
performance

1. Game
form
Emerging
Understandi
ng
Learner

2. Game
Concept

Skill
developmen
t

3. Thinking
Strategically

5. Movement
execution
4. Decision Making

Cue
perception

What

How

To do?

To do?

Technique
selection
Ahmad Rodzli Hashim, PJK.

4 categories of games
Target (curling, bowling)
Striking/ Fielding (cricket, baseball)
Net/ Wall (volleyball, tennis)
Invasions/ Territorial (soccer, basketball)

Primary rules, fundamental skills,

tactical problems.

Ahmad Rodzli Hashim, PJK.

Learning from a constraints-led

Perspectives (Newell, 2001)
Task

Individual

Skills

Enviroment

Performance emerges under constraints

Ahmad Rodzli Hashim, PJK.

Manipulating constraints to
Develop skills
Modification of learning environment
Rules, equipment, pitch size, task
Use of challenges to let players solve

problems in their own ways

Use of questions to help guide players to
effective solutions discovery learning
Developing new techniques allowing for
individual solutions
Ahmad Rodzli Hashim, PJK.

Role of the Coach/ Teacher

Understand constraints on individual

performers
Skills, strength, concentration, developmental stage

Manipulate information during Learners

search for solutions

Simplification vs Decomposition
Segment of performance

manipulate Task constraints during guided

discovery learning
Scenario based learning
Game centre learning
Ahmad Rodzli Hashim, PJK.

Move away from the recipe book approach to

coaching/ teaching.
Develop a problem-solving approach to
develop the players game sense
TGfU is not just playing games
Manipulate the constraints
Allow the players to find solutions (discovery
learning)
Ask questions that help the players to solve
the problems (guided discovery)
Create a culture where mistakes are expected,
if you arent making mistakes then you arent
doing anything (John Wooden)
Ahmad Rodzli Hashim, PJK.

A constraints-led perspective
leads to an HOLISTIC approach to
skill development
All practices should be
transferable to real game
Practice so that it reflects realistic
situations organized chaos
Design practice environments that
allow decision-making to emerge
naturally.
Ahmad Rodzli Hashim, PJK.

Skilled performance EMERGES as a

result of an athlete focused
approach to coaching that provides
an integrated approach to
perceptual, decision making and
technical skill development.
Players love to play games
We can use this enjoyment to
develop better players
Ahmad Rodzli Hashim, PJK.

1.

2.

3.
4.
5.
6.

Griffin L & Butler JI ( 2005). Teaching Games for

Understanding : Theory, Research and Practice. Human
Kinetics.
Hopper. T. & Kruisselbrink D. (2003). Teaching Games for
Understanding : What does it look like and how does it
influence student skill learning and game performance?.
Renshaw. I (2001). Game Sense Coaching. Auckland
University of Technology
Slade,D.G. (2005). Theory to Practice : Stick2 Hockey.
Massey University
Quality Daily Physical Education, Vol. 6 Num. 1 : Teaching
Games for Understanding : CAHPERD
Walter Kin Yan Ho, Teaching Games for Understanding
Model Rethink from the Intergrated Perspective.
University of Macao

Ahmad Rodzli Hashim, PJK.