MK FISIKA DASAR 1

ENGE600003
4 SKS

Rachmat Andika

Multiferroic Research Group

Departemen Fisika
FMIPA - UI

GRAVITATION

MATERI
Newtons Gravitation Law
Weight
Gravitational Potential Energy
Satellite Motion
Keplers Law and Planet Motion

NEWTONS LAW OF UNIVERSAL

GRAVITATION
Every particle in the Universe attracts every
other particle with a force that is directly
proportional to the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them

where G is a constant,
called the universal
gravitational constant
ally
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NEWTONS LAW OF UNIVERSAL

GRAVITATION

The magnitude of the force exerted by the Earth on a

particle of mass m near the Earths surface is

Where ME is the Earths mass and RE its radius.

The direction: toward the center of the Earth

re m
o
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h
ll t
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S

A uniform spherical shell of matter attracts a particle that is outside

the shell as if all the shells mass were concentrated at its center

GRAVITATION AND THE PRINCIPLE

OF SUPERPOSITION

For n interacting particles, we can write the principle

of superposition for the gravitational force on particle
1 as

EXAMPLE 1

Three 0.300 kg billiard balls are placed on a table at

the corners of a right triangle. Calculate the
gravitational force on the cue ball (designated m1)
resulting from the other balls !

HINT:
-Use vector expression and net
gravitational force on particle

FREE-FALL ACCELERATION AND

THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

Remember ! mg is defined as the weight of

an object of mass m.

An object of mass m located a distance h

above the Earths surface

EXAMPLE 2

Using the known radius of the Earth, 6.37x106 m, and

the fact that g = 9.80 m/s2 at the Earths surface, find
the average density of the Earth !
HINT :
- Use definition of density of an object

- Calculate ME by using the gravitational acceleration

- Combine those by substituting method to obtain the

density of the Earth

KEPLERS LAWS AND THE MOTION

OF PLANETS

Geocentric model : the Earth as the center

of the Universe
Heliocentric model: the Sun as the center of
the Universe

1. All planets move in elliptical orbits with the

Sun at one focus
2. The radius vector drawn from the Sun to a
planet sweeps out equal areas in equal time
intervals
3. The square of the orbital period of any planet
is proportional to the cube of the semimajor axis
of the elliptical orbit

KEPLERs Law

KEPLERS FIRST LAW

1. All planets move in elliptical orbits with the
Sun at one focus
Major axis: the longest distance through the
center between points on the ellipse, 2a
Minor axis: the shortest distance through
the center between points on the ellipse, 2b
The eccentricity of an ellipse is defined as e = c/a,
describes the general shape of the ellipse,
0<e<1
focus

In the elliptical orbit of a planet around the Sun, the

Sun is at one focus of the ellipse

Sun: Aphelion >< Perihelion

Earth: Apogee >< Perigee

KEPLERS SECOND LAW

2. The radius vector drawn from the Sun to a
planet sweeps out equal areas in equal time
intervals

The gravitational force acting on the planet is

a central force directed toward to the Sun.

The angular momentum L of the planet is a

constant of the motion
The radius vector from the Sun to any planet

KEPLERS THIRD LAW

3. The square of the orbital period of any planet
is proportional to the cube of the semimajor axis
of the elliptical orbit

Gravitational force provides the centripetal

acceleration of the planet as it moves in a circle

Where K = 2.97 x 10-19 s2/m3

THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL
ENERGY

The gravitational potential-energy function mgy for a

particle-Earth system is valid only when the particle is
near the Earths surface.

Gravitational force is CONSTANT

The change in the gravitational potential energy of a

system associated with a given displacement is defined
as the negative of the work done by the gravitational

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL
ENERGY

If the system contains three

particles, the gravitational
potential energy is

QUICK EXERCISE

A particle of mass m is displaced through a small

vertical distance y near the Earths surface. Show
that in this situation the general expression for the
change in gravitational potential energy reduces to
the familiar relationship U=mg y .

ENERGY IN PLANETARY AND

SATELLITE MOTION

Object of mass M is at rest (inertial reference

frame), the total mechanical energy E of the
two-object system

Total Energy for circular orbits

Total Energy for elliptical orbits

EXAMPLE 3

The space shuttle releases a 470-kg

communications satellite while in an orbit 280
km above the surface of the Earth. A rocket
engine on the satellite boosts it into a
geosynchronous orbit at 4.23x107 m. How much
energy does the engine have to provide?

HINT:
- Determine the initial radius of the satellites orbit
- Obtain the initial and final energies
- Calculate the difference between those energies

*Geosynchronous orbit :an orbit in which the satellite stays directly over a single on the Earth

ESCAPE SPEED

Escape speed is the minimum speed the

object must have at the Earths surface in
order to approach an infinite separation
distance from the Earth.

vesc is independent of the mass of the object

Can we really escape from the Earth;s

gravitational influence?

EXAMPLE 4

Calculate the escape speed from the Earth for a 5000

kg spacecraft and determine the kinetic energy it
must have at the Earths surface in order to move
infinitely far away from the Earth.

Given the mass of the Earth: 5.98 x 1024 kg and its radius
6.37 x 106 m

ESCAPE SPEED

Generally, escape speed from the surface of any planet

of mass M and its radius R is

BLACK HOLE

Supernova : the catastrophic explosion of a very

massive star

If the core has a mass less than 1.4 times the mass of Sun,
it cools down and ends as a white dwarf star
What if the core has a mass greater than this?

The collapse may continue until the star becomes a

very small object in space: BLACK HOLE
What is the effect of black hole?
The object will experiences an extremely strong
gravitational force and is trapped forever

BLACK HOLE

The escape speed for a black hole is very

high

If the escape speed exceeds the speed of light,

radiation from the object cannot escape
Object appears to be
BLACK
Rs is called the Schwarzschild radius
Event horizon is the imaginary surface

PR
1.

Earth and Moons gravitational force

a.
b.

2.

What will an object weigh on the Moons surface if it

weighs 100 N on Earths surface?
How many Earth radii must this same object be from the
center of Earth if it is to weigh the same as it does on the
Moon?

Keplers Laws
1.

2.

What linear speed must an Earth Satellite have to be in

circular orbit at an altitude of 160 km above Earths
surface?
What is the period of revolution?