Power Elec Notes 07a Intro To DC-DC Converters

Power Electronics Notes 07A
Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Marc T. Thompson, Ph.D.
Thompson Consulting, Inc.
9 Jacob Gates Road
Harvard, MA 01451
Phone: (978) 456-7722
Fax: (888) 538-3824
Email: marctt@thompsonrd.com
Web: http://www.thompsonrd.com
Portions of these notes excerpted from the CD ROM accompanying Mohan, Undeland and Robbins, Power
Electronics Converters, Applications and Design, 3d edition, John Wiley 2003
Other notes Marc Thompson, 2008
M. T. Thompson, 2008
Summary
Non-isolated (i.e. no transformer) DC/DC converters
Step down (buck)
Step up (boost)
Buck-boost
Cuk converter
SEPIC
Full-bridge
Comparison of DC/DC converters
Block Diagram of Typical AC Input, Regulated DC

Output System
Typically, a power supply front end has uncontrolled full-wave
diode rectifier, followed by a bus (hold-up) capacitor, followed
by a DC/DC converter with active feedback control
Offline Flyback Converter
Reference: http://www.st.com/stonline/products/literature/an/7310.pdf
Some Real-World Design Issues that Well Get to

Later On in the Term
Stepping Down a DC Voltage

In this example, the average value of the output voltage =
DVin where D is the DUTY CYCLE in PWM (pulse-width
modulation) control
D = ton/Ts, the fraction of the total switching cycle that the
switch is ON
Frequency Spectrum of Vo
The output voltage contains switching harmonics
Vo = V d D
fs= 1/Ts
Adding a Lowpass Filter to the Buck Converter

The goal of the lowpass filter LC is to pass the DC
component, while attenuating the switching components
As frequency increases, XL increases and XC decreases
Adding a Lowpass Filter to the Buck Converter

Corner frequency:
-40 dB/decade
The corner frequency must be lower than the switching

frequency to attenuate the switching harmonics.
Step-Down (Buck) Converter
Diode needed to provide current path for output current

when switch is OFF
10
Buck Converter in Continuous Conduction

In periodic steady state,
inductor current flows
continuously
Waveform here are for
buck in continuous
conduction mode; note
that inductor current
never decays to zero
In discontinuous
conduction mode, there
are 3 states
11
Buck Converter: PSPICE Circuit

Circuit shown: fsw = 200 kHz, D = 0.5
12
Buck Converter: Startup Waveforms

These waveforms are shown for a constant duty cycle of D
= 0.5 during startup
Note large overshoot on output voltage and inductor current
13
Same Circuit --- PSIM Simulation
14
Same Circuit --- PSIM Simulation
15
Analysis for DC/DC Converters in Continuous

Conduction and Steady State
In steady state, the inductor current returns to the same
value every switching cycle, or every T seconds
Therefore, the inductor ripple current UP equals ripple
DOWN
Several assumptions to simplify analysis:
Periodic steady state --- all startup transients have died
out
Small ripple --- ripple is small compared to average
values. For instance, output voltage ripple is small
compared to the DC value
16
Inductor Voltage and Current

Remember that in an inductor:
diL
vL L
dt
17

In continuous conduction, buck converter has 2 states --switch OPEN and switch CLOSED.
We can solve for output voltage by focusing on inductor
Volt-second balance
iL
D
V
cc
+
C
vc
18

iL
D
V
cc
+
C
vc
Switch closed (for time DT)

iL
V
cc
Switch open (for time (1-D)T)

iL
+
C
vc
vc
di L VCC v o
dt
L
di L
vo
dt
L
19

The inductor ripple current UP equals ripple DOWN
(VCC Vo ) DT Vo (1 D)T
0
L
L
Vo DVCC
We already knew this result by inspection, but this

methodology of inductor Volt-second balance can be used
to evaluate other more complicated DC/DC converters,
such as the boost, buck-boost, etc.
20
Buck Converter in Continuous Conduction --Idealized Switching Waveforms

Idealized
because we
assume that
switches and
diodes turn on and
off with zero
risetime
21
Buck Converter: Waveforms at the Boundary of

Cont./Discont. Conduction
ILB = critical current below which inductor current becomes
discontinuous
22
Buck Converter: Discontinuous Conduction Mode

Steady state; inductor current discontinuous (i.e. it goes zero
for a time)
Note that output voltage depends on load current
Vo
Vd
D2
0.25I o
D2
I LB ,max
23
Buck Converter: Capacitor Current Ripple

Continuous
conduction mode
24
Buck Converter: Output Voltage Ripple

ESR is assumed to be zero; continuous conduction mode
25
Buck Converter: Output Voltage Ripple

ESR is assumed to be zero
iL , pp
Vo (1 D )T Vo (1 D )
L
f sw L
1
Q
2
T

2
vo , pp
iL , pp Vo (1 D )

2
2
8
f
sw L
Q Vo (1 D )
C
8 f sw2 LC
26
Example 1: Buck Converter Calculations

Shown for SPICE example with fsw = 200 kHz, D = 0.5, L =
33 H, C = 10 F, Io = 1A
iL , pp
vo , pp
Vo (1 D )
(5)(1 0.5)
0.38 A
5
6
f sw L
( 2 10 )(33 10 )
Q Vo (1 D )
(5)(1 0.5)
24 mV
2
5 2
6
6
C
8 f sw LC
8( 2 10 ) (33 10 )(10 10 )
27
Example 1: Buck in Periodic Steady State

Analysis shows inductor ripple = 0.38 A-pp, output voltage
ripple = 24 mV-pp, confirmed by SPICE
28
Step-Up (Boost) DC-DC Converter

Output voltage is greater than the input, with the same
polarity
29
Boost Converter Waveforms in CCM

Continuous conduction mode (CCM)
Switch closed:
di L VCC
dt
L
Switch open:
di L VCC v o
dt
L
Inductor Volt-second balance:
VCC DT (VCC Vo )(1 D)T
0
L
L
V
Vo CC
1 D
30
Boost Converter: Discontinuous Conduction

Occurs at light loads
31
Boost Converter: Effect of Parasitics

The duty-ratio D is generally limited before the parasitic
effects become significant
As D gets big, input current gets very large (think about
power balance.); the voltage drop in inductor and switch
cause efficiency to suffer
32
Boost Converter Output Ripple

Assume that all the ripple component of diode current flows
through capacitor; DC component flows through resistor
33
Boost Converter --- PSIM Simulation

What is the output voltage?
34

Vo = Vi/(1-D) in continuous conduction
Output voltage during startup
35

Note that inductor current I(RL1) never decays to zero, so
were in continuous conduction
36
Example 2: Boost Converter Example

Mohan, Example 7-1
Boost converter on the edge of discontinuous conduction
Vi = 12V, D = 0.75, Vo = 48V, Po = 120W
37
Example 2: Boost Converter Example

Output voltage ripple
Inductor ripple current
38
Step-Down/Up (Buck-Boost) Converter

The output voltage can be higher or lower than the input
voltage
39
Buck-Boost Converter: Waveforms

Continuous conduction mode
Switch closed:
di L VCC
dt
L
Switch open:
di L v o
dt
L
Inductor Volt-second balance:
VCC DT Vo (1 D )T
0
L
L
DVCC
Vo
40
Buck-Boost: Limits of Cont./Discont. Conduction

The output voltage is held constant
41
Buck-Boost: Discontinuous Conduction

This occurs at light loads
42
Buck-Boost Converter: Effect of Parasitics

The duty-ratio is limited to avoid these parasitic effects
from becoming significant
43
Buck-Boost Converter: Output Voltage Ripple

44
Example 3: Buck-Boost Converter: Simulation

Vo should be -10V after startup transient dies out
45
Example 3: Buck-Boost Converter: Simulation

Vo should be -10V in steady-state after startup transients die
out
46
Buck-Boost Converter: Simulation

The ripple is pretty big (0.5 V pp)
Lets increase the size of the filter capacitor by 10 --- what
will happen?
47

With larger C
What has happened?
48

Note that ripple is smaller, but startup transient
is slower (makes sense); LC is larger
49
Cuk DC-DC Converter

The output voltage can be higher or lower than the input
voltage
Capacitor C1 stores and transfers energy from input to output
When switch is ON, C1 discharges through the switch and
transfers energy to the output
When switch is OFF, capacitor C1 is charged through the diode
by energy from the input and L1
50
Cuk DC-DC Converter: Waveforms

The capacitor
voltage is assumed
constant (very large)
Note phase inversion
at the output
Vo
D

Vd
1 D
51
SEPIC Converter
Single-ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC)
Can buck or boost the voltage
Note that output is similar to buck-boost, but without a
phase inversion
This circuit is useful for lithium battery powered equipment
Vo D
Vd 1 D
52
SEPIC Converter
Circuits for 2 different
switching states
Reference: National Semiconductor, Application Note AN-1484, Designing a SEPIC Converter

53
SEPIC Converter --- Example

Example from application note
Reference: National Semiconductor, Application Note AN-1484, Designing a SEPIC Converter

54
SEPIC Converter
55
SEPIC Converter
Output voltage ripple
56
Converter for DC-Motor Drives

Four quadrant operation is possible
For:
DC motor drives
DC to AC inverters for UPS
57
Switch Utilization in DC-DC Converters

It varies significantly in various
converters
PT = VTIT where VT and IT are
peak switch voltage and current
In direct converters (buck and
boost) switch utilization is good;
in indirect converter (buck-boost
and Cuk) switch utilization is
poor
58
Equivalent Circuits in DC-DC Converters

Replacing inductors and capacitors by current and voltage
sources, respectively
59

Power Elec Notes 07a Intro To DC-DC Converters

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Power Electronics Notes 07A

Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Block Diagram of Typical AC Input, Regulated DC

Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Offline Flyback Converter

Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Some Real-World Design Issues that Well Get to

Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Stepping Down a DC Voltage

Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Adding a Lowpass Filter to the Buck Converter

Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Adding a Lowpass Filter to the Buck Converter

The corner frequency must be lower than the switching

Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Step-Down (Buck) Converter

Diode needed to provide current path for output current

Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Buck Converter in Continuous Conduction

Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Buck Converter: PSPICE Circuit

Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Buck Converter: Startup Waveforms

Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Same Circuit --- PSIM Simulation

Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Same Circuit --- PSIM Simulation

Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Analysis for DC/DC Converters in Continuous

Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Inductor Voltage and Current

Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Buck Converter in Continuous Conduction

Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Buck Converter in Continuous Conduction

Switch closed (for time DT)

Switch open (for time (1-D)T)

Buck Converter in Continuous Conduction

We already knew this result by inspection, but this

Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Buck Converter in Continuous Conduction --Idealized Switching Waveforms

Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Buck Converter: Waveforms at the Boundary of

Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Buck Converter: Discontinuous Conduction Mode

Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Buck Converter: Capacitor Current Ripple

Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Buck Converter: Output Voltage Ripple

Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Buck Converter: Output Voltage Ripple

Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Example 1: Buck Converter Calculations

Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Example 1: Buck in Periodic Steady State

Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Step-Up (Boost) DC-DC Converter

Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Boost Converter Waveforms in CCM

Introduction to DC/DC Converters

Boost Converter: Discontinuous Conduction