IUBAT- International University of Business Agriculture and Technology

Founded 1991 by Md. Alimullah Miyan

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY(CEAT)

Course Title: Turbomachinery

Course Code : MEC 437

Course Instructor: Engr. Md. Irteza Hossain

The Power God : Steam Power

James Watt : 1760~

Sadi Carnot : 1820~

George Brayton & W Rankine ~ 1860

Power Gods : Gas Power

Nicolaus A. Otto
Rudolf Diesel

George Brayton

Power Gods : Hydro Power

Lester Allan Pelton

James B. Francis

Viktor Kaplan

Definition of a Turbomachine
The word turbo is a Latin origin and implies that which spins or
whirls around
A turbomachine is a device in which energy is transferred either
to or from a continuously flowing fluid by the dynamic action of
one or more moving blade rows
A rotating blade row, a rotor or an impeller changes the
stagnation enthalpy of the fluid moving through it by either +ve
or ve work. The changes in enthalpy are linked with pressure
changes.
A pump: work is done on fluid
A turbine: work is done by fluid
The definition precludes consideration of positive displacement

Introduction and Classification

of Fluid Machines
Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid

Introduction and Classification

of Fluid Machines
Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid

Introduction and Classification

of Fluid Machines
Machines for Extracting Work (Power) from
a Fluid

Classification of Turbomachines
Major subdivisions
A. Power classifications (power is added or extracted from the
fluid)
Pumps are power addition machines and include liquid pumps,
fans, blowers and compressors.
Fluids are water, fuels, air, steam, refrigerants.
Turbines are power extraction devices and include windmills,
water wheels, hydroelectric turbines, automotive engine
turbochargers, gas turbines.
Fluids; gases, liquids, mixtures.

Applications to Fluid Systems

Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid
Fans, Blowers, and Compressors

Classification of Turbomachines
B. The manner in which the fluid moves through and around a
machine
Open flow
No casing or enclosure for the rotating devices
Examples: propeller is an open flow pumping device.
Windmill is an open flow turbine
Enclosed or encased flow devices

Classification of Turbomachines
C. Flow-path or through-flow
Axial through-flow machines. The flow moves on
streamlines parallel to the axis.
Predominantly radial flow.
Mixed flow machines.

Classification of Turbomachines

Classification of Turbomachines
D. Compressibility of the fluid
Incompressible
The density is constant through the entire flow process; liquid
pumps.
Compressible;

Gas flows: compressors.

E. Impulse or reaction machines

Impulse: pressure changes are absent in the flow through the rotor. In
an impulse machine, all the pressure change take place in nozzles
Ex. Pelton wheel
Reaction: pressure changes in rotor are absent

Classification of Turbomachines
Pelton wheel

IMPACTS OF JETS
Water jet experiences some force as it hit a
fixed plate
This force is equal to the rate of change of
momentum of the Jet
Newton Second law of motion:
The rate of change of momentum is directly
proportional
to the impressed force and it takes place in the
same direction in which the force acts

TRASH RACK

Impulse Turbine
Uses the velocity of the water to move the runner and
discharges to atmospheric pressure
The water stream hits each bucket on the runner
No suction downside, water flows out through turbine housing
after hitting
. High head, low flow applications
Types : Pelton wheel, Cross Flow

Runner of a Pelton Turbine

BUCKETS OR VANES

SPLITTER

RUNNER

Reaction Turbine
Combined action of pressure and velocity of
moving water
Runner placed directly in the water stream
flowing over the blades rather than striking
each individually
lower head and higher flows than compared
.with the impulse turbines

Francis Turbine
It is a reaction turbine developed by an English born
. American Engineer, Sir J.B. Francis
The water enters the turbine through the outer periphery
of the runner in the radial direction and leaves the
runner in the axial direction, and hence it is called
. mixed flow turbine
It is a reaction turbine and therefore only a part of the
available head is converted into the velocity head
. before water enters the runner
The pressure head goes on decreasing as the water
. flows over the runner blades

Francis Turbine
The static pressure at the runner exit may be less than
the atmospheric pressure and as such, water fills all the
.passages of the runner blades
The change in pressure while water is gliding over the
blades is called reaction pressure and is partly
. responsible for the rotation of the runner
A Francis turbine is suitable for medium heads (45 to
.400 m) and requires a relatively large quantity of water

The Francis Turbine

IMPACTS OF JETS
Water jet experiences some force as it hit a
fixed plate
This force is equal to the rate of change of
momentum of the Jet
Newton Second law of motion:
The rate of change of momentum is directly
proportional
to the impressed force and it takes place in the
same direction in which the force acts

FORCE EXERTED BY FLUID JET ON A

STATIONARY FLAT PLATE