Congress of Vienna

Countries/People

Alliances created

Russia
Prussia
Austria Metternich
Great Britain
France

Holy Alliance: Russia,

Prussia, Austria (feared the

Goals

Legacy

1.
2.
3.

(Metternich)

Prevent future French

aggression
Restore Balance of power
Restore Royal Families

spread of Revolutions)
Concert of Europe: Help
each other if revolution occurred

Power shift to G.B. and Prussia

Nationalism spread: Italy &
Germany
Democracy

The Conservative Order and

the Challenged of Reform
1815-1832
Age of isms: nationalism, liberalism, republicanism,
socialism, communism

The Challenges of Nationalism and Liberalism

TODAY:

The Political
Spectrum

1790s:

Montagnards

The Plain

(swing votes)

Girondists

(The Mountain)

Monarchen
(Royalists)

Jacobins

Emergence of Nationalism
What is nationalism?
Nation composed of people who are joined
together
Common customs, culture, history
Should have the same government
Political and ethnic boundaries should be the same

 Nationalism opposes Congress of Vienna

What provides political unity?
Nationalism ethnicity
Vienna Settlement monarchies/dynasties

Popular sovereignty
People determined national character
What about minority groups?
Majority rules?

Fate of Nationalism
People had no say over territorial changes
Language, nationality, and religion werent
taken into consideration
Ideas of democracy and self-government
were rejected by European leadership
Soon enough, concessions were made

Creating new Nations

Language impacts the spread of nationalism
Local dialects replaced
Part of a nation

Spread social and political advancement

Nationhood
Definition: economic and administrative
efficiency
Unite Germany and Italy
Could every groups become a nation?
NO!
Needed economic stability and power

Results of the Congress of

Vienna
Concert of Europe group of leading
nations which periodically met to discuss
issues regarding stability
Temporary suppression of democratic and
nationalistic ideals

International peace no general (multinational) war in Europe until World War I a

hundred years later
Small Conflicts
Crimean War (1854-1856)
Austro-Prussian War (1866)
Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

Nationalistic Pressure around Europe

England rule Ireland
Irish Problem

Unite all German-speaking people

Pitting Prussia against Austria

Unite Italian-speaking people

Isolate Austrian control

Poland
against Russian ruler

Eastern Europe
against Austrian empire

Southeastern Europe
against Ottoman and Russian control

Early 19th Century Political

Liberalism

19th century definition:

Liberalism challenge political, social or
religious values
Considered more radical than they actually were

Who were the liberals?

Wealthy and educated professionals

Relationship between Nationalism &

Liberalism
Not identical, but could be compatible

Political Goals
Goal: limit the power of arbitrary govt
Locke Theory responsible constitutional
govt
But
Contempt for aristocracy and the lower classes with no
property
Representation to those with property

Economic Goals
Liberals wanted to be divided from lower
class
No govt regulation of economics
No mercantilism
No govt restrictions on labor and goods

Differed around Europe

Conservative Governments

Conservative Outlooks
Conservative power remains
People
Legitimate monarchies
Feared revolution and execution (like Louis)
Aristocracy
Feared loss of land and influence
Established churches
Responsible for education and maintaining status quo

Only supported representative govt if they wrote the

constitution

FEARED
Liberalism, nationalism and popular sovereignty

Conservative governments faced

new PRESSURE
Unemployment
No military industries

Raise new political ideas

Not focused on war
Especially the young

Key European people

Metternich: devoted to Habsburg emperor
Castlereagh: British

Conservative Response to
Liberalism and Nationalism
Austria

People:

Response:

Prussia

People:

Response:

G.B.

People:

Response:

France

People:

Response:

Using your notes

Complete Table
Work on Thesis #2

Political Discontent

Russia (1825) Suppression

France (1830) Revolution
Belgium Independence
Britain (1832) Accommodation

Russia: Decembrist Revolt of 1825

The Decembrist Revolt, 1825

Tsar Alexander I
Against liberalism & nationalism

Military Unrest
Military coup detat in 1826
Southern Society: representative govt, end serfdom, Polish
independence
Northern Society: constitutional monarchy, end serfdom,
protect aristocracy

Dynastic Crisis
1st Crisis: Constantine or Nicholas
2nd Crisis: Decembrist revolt
Moscow regiment refused to swear allegiance

Nicholas I
Most reactionary: turned against all reform
Official Nationality
Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationalism
Russian language, customs and religion were
wisdom

Revolt in Poland
Poland proclaimed independence from Russia
Nicholas sent troops
Suppress all liberal and national movements with
force

Revolution of France 1830

Charles X
Believer in Divine Right
Reactionary Policies
Emphasis on returning aristocracy and
Catholicism
Liberal reaction through voting
FAILED
Charles replaced ministry with ultra-royalists
Prince de Polignac
Liberal negotiated with liberal side of royal family for
constitutional monarchy
Feared Rpublic

 July Revolution, 1830

Liberals win majority
Royalists attempt to seize power
Four Ordinances: dissolved Chamber of Deputies

People of Paris react (alliance between

laborers and middle class) 1830
Charles X sends troops
1,800 die and the king flees (Last Bourbon King)

Louis Philippe becomes King

Push for Constitutional Monarchy

Louis Philippe
King of the French
Tri-color flag
No official religion or censorship

Little/no sympathy for working class

Worker revolts continued

Continued control of Algeria and Northern

Africa
France was an Empire

Belgium
Nationalism leads to Independence
Congress of Vienna merged Holland and
Belgium
Different languages, economy and religion

Independence in 1830

Pre-curser to World War I

Germany will invade Belgium, leading to
English involvement in War

Great Britain

Political & Economic Reform

Spirit of Accommodation/Compromise
1. Large commercial and industrial class

Cannot ignore their interests without

damaging Englands prosperity

2. Moderate reforms supported (Whigs)

No need for revolution

3. British law, tradition and public opinions

showed respect for individual liberties

Events that led to the Great Reform

Bill
Britains response to popular uprising
Accommodation No revolution

Economic reform
Allow economic freedom
Support labor unions

Religious reform
Catholic Emancipation Act

Legislating Change
The Great Reform Bill

Catholic Emancipation Act

Goal To maintain peace in Ireland
1. First Step

Send Protestant representatives to

Parliament

Problem: Most Irish are Catholic

2. Second: Irish elect Catholics

(Daniel OConnel)

If England doesnt let them sit there

will be revolution

Liberal or Conservative
Catholic Emancipation
Liberal measure, Conservative
purpose
Maintain order in Ireland

But
Increased property
requirement to vote

 The Great Reform Bill

Increased voters
kept land and gender requirement

Some workers LOST the right to vote

Results
No need for revolution
Orderly reform
Church, govt, commerce

Same government
More people influencing

1848 Revolutions
France
Habsburg Empire
Italy
Germany

Year of Revolutions
No single factor led to Revolutions
+ Food shortage
+ Economic depression (industry)
+ High unemployment
+ Wretched living conditions
= frustration

Liberal working class joined with political liberals

Dramatic change in ONE YEAR

NATIONALISM

 What changes occurred?

Failed to establish genuine liberal and/or
national governments
Failed to combine political reform with social
reform
Liberals failed to unite all social classes
Liberals fell to the armies of the reactionary class

Exceptions to Revolution
Russia Why?
Inability to communicate
Polands revolts were spread-out and failed

Switzerland
Strong Army
Developed a Federalist state to minimize complete control

Great Britain Why?

Policy of accommodation
Great Reform Act of 1832
Pacify middle class

Catholic Emancipation Act

Suppression of Irish revolts

Repeal of Corn Laws

France

In the beginning

Economic depression
June Days of Violence
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected
Hope for stability and greatness FAIL
Ego!

End Result
Emperor Napoleon III
Monarchy republic monarchy republic
monarchy

Habsburg Empire
Nationalism Resisted!
Susceptible to Revolution
Borders broke up ethnicities
Serfdom
Rebellions spread

Vienna Uprising
Louis Kossuth: Magyar Nationalist + Students
Metternich & Ferdinand Fled
Major Result Abolished serfdom

 March Laws: Ferdinand forced to sign

Equality of religion, jury trials, press
Nobility pay taxes
Election of lower chamber
Liberals vs. Nationals
Liberal political structure
No autonomy within borders

Magyar Revolt
Desire separate state for Hungarians
Austria vs. Hungary
Austria and Nationalists against Magyars

1890

Hungary

 Czech Nationalism
National equality for Slavs
Who were Slavs? Poles, Ruthenians, Czechs,
Slovaks, Croats, Slovenes, Serbs
Goal: ONE Slavic state
Free from Ottoman and Habsburg control

Led to conflict between Germans and Slavs

Czech nationalism FAILED

The Age of Metternich

1.

Figure 1
1815
Type of Control

2.

Happily working together to control

Europe

Attitude of statesmen toward

power

Carefree

3.

Solved the problem of Napoleon

Created a new order that they control

dream

4.

Europe would follow their

dictates/demands/design

Title?

All is right with the world.

 Figure 2
1820-1830
1. By 1830, how were leaders
divided?

No longer worked together to

maintain conservative
governments

2. What impact did the Old Order

possess?

Some still worked together to

suppress rebellion

3. New weaknesses?

Britain did not support

conservative regimes
Liberal regimes in France &
Belgium

4. Title?

We Need Help?


1.

Figure 3
1848
Why did the old order lose
control?

2.

Large # of revolutions
Earlier breakdown of unity

To what extent was a

completely new order
established?

3.

Mostly old-order was reestablished

Why did change take place in

this fashion?

4.

Conservatives used force, force

rejected them

Title?
1.

Its all over.

Italy
Austria faced Nationalism in Northern Italy
Nationalists & Liberals hoped for
unification
Turned to Pope Pius IX (liberal)
Radicals forced Republic Pope fled
Returned to war

France protects Rome

Why? Wanted weak nation to the south

Germany
Revolutions
Wanted unification & liberal government

Prussia
Frederick William IV moved towards
Unification
Liberal government reforms (constitution)
Suffrage
Three-class voting: based on ability to pay taxes

 Frankfurt Parliament
Goal: write a constitution
Purpose: liberal unification of Germany
Alienated conservatives & working class

How do you unify?

Large or Small

Created a constitution
Asked Frederick William IV to RULE
He refused
Kings ruled by the grace of God, not by the will of man
CONSERVATIVE

Impact: small conservative, constitutional

changes in Germany

Prussia

Frankfurt

Austria