Determining IP Routes

Introducing Routing

Outline
Overview
Routing Overview
Static and Dynamic Route Comparison
Static Route Configuration
Default Route Forwarding Configuration
Static Route Configuration Verification
Dynamic Routing Protocol Overview
Features of Dynamic Routing Protocols
The ip classless Command
InterVLAN Routing
Summary

Router Operations

To route, a router needs to do the following:

Know the destination address
Identify the sources from which the router can learn
Discover possible routes to the intended destination
Select the best route
Maintain and verify routing information

Router Operations (Cont.)

Routers must learn destinations that are

not directly connected.

Identifying Static and Dynamic Routes

Static Route
Uses a route that a
network administrator
enters into the router
manually

Dynamic Route
Uses a route that a network
routing protocol adjusts
automatically for topology
or traffic changes

Static Routes

Configure unidirectional static routes to and from

a stub network to allow communications to occur.

Static Route Configuration

Router(config)# ip route network [mask]

{address | interface}[distance] [permanent]
Defines a path to an IP destination network or subnet or host

Static Route Example

This is a unidirectional route. You must have a route

configured in the opposite direction.

Default Routes

This route allows the stub network to reach all known

networks beyond Router A.

Verifying the Static

Route Configuration

Router# show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default
U - per-user static route
Gateway of last resort is 0.0.0.0 to network 0.0.0.0
C
S*

10.0.0.0/8 is subnetted, 1 subnets

10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial0
0.0.0.0/0 is directly connected, Serial0

What Is a Routing Protocol?

Routing protocols are

used between routers to
determine paths and maintain
routing tables.
After the path is determined, a
router can route a routed
protocol.

Autonomous Systems: Interior or Exterior

Routing Protocols

An autonomous system is a collection of networks

under a common administrative domain.
IGPs operate within an autonomous system.
EGPs connect different autonomous systems.

Classes of Routing Protocols

Classes of Routing Protocols

Distance vector Routing protocols
The Distance vector protocols find the best path
to the destination by judging the Distance to that
hop. [ each time a packet goes to a router is
known as HOP]
Any route with the Least hops will be the Best
route.

Distance Vector Routing Protocols

Routers pass periodic copies of their routing table to neighboring

routers and accumulate distance vectors.

Sources of Information and Discovering

Routes

Routers discover the best path to destinations from each neighbor.

Selecting the
Best Route with Metrics

Maintaining Routing Information

Updates proceed step by step from router to router.

Link state routing protocols

The protocols which choose SHORTEST PATH to
determine the best path for the Destination.
These protocols maintain three types of Tables.
1.For directly attached neighbors.
2.For determining the Topology of whole internetwork.
3.Routing table.
Link state routing protocols know more about the
Internetwork then any other type of protocol.
OSPF is the complete link state protocol.
Link state protocols send regular updates about
there routing table to all the connected neighbors
after a regular interval.

Link state routing protocols.

The protocols which use features of both

Distance Vector and Link state are known as hybrid
protocols.
Exa.. EIGRP
Distance vector + link state

ROUTING LOOPS
Distance vector routing protocols keep track of any
changes that occur in the internetwork by
broadcasting the periodic routing table updates out
to all Routers connected. This is good for the
maintenance of the internetwork but not for the
processing of the routers processor. But the
routing updates are send after a specific time
period.
An inconsistent routing tables updates can
cause ROUTING LOOPS

ROUTING LOOPS

Suppose we have the above scenario with 6

networks. And the update period will be 30
seconds.

ROUTING LOOPS
If network 6 fails then router E will send the update to
router C because all other router have the route to
network six from the router C.
Now router C know about the Failure of the Network 6
but all other A,B and D are still don`t know about the
failure bcz C didn`t send update to them till now.
So they keep on sending the routing updates to C for
the network 6. and they assume that YES they have
path for network 6.

ROUTING LOOPS
After some time when router C will send update to
router B.it will stop routing for network 6.

BUT router A & D are still unknown about the failure

{not updated} and they send a update to router B that
they have still path for network 6.

ROUTING LOOPS
The problem occur when before update to router A & D
about the failure the router A send a HELLO update
packet to router B & D about the network 6. and router B
& D think that network six will be reachable through
router A. and they start sending update to all of the router
about this update.
Then router A send request for N/W 6 to B & D, D will
send to B, B will send to A, and again and again they will
repeat the same procedure in a LOOP.
Known as routing loop.

Metrics or Solutions to stop the Routing

loops
Maximum HOP Count
One way of solving the loops is to define the
maximum hop count RIP permits a hop count of 15
only means if anything that requires 16th hop is
deemed as unreachable.
Means after a loop of 15 hops the next network
will be considered as unreachable

Metrics or Solutions to stop the Routing

loops. Cont..
Split Horizon
In this methodology the routing information cant be
sent back to the direction from which it was received

Metrics or Solutions to stop the Routing

loops. Cont..
Flush Updates/ Trigger Updates
It means when the is a change in any
internetwork topology a special update is sent to
all neighbors immediately so that they can
update there routing tables.

Metrics or Solutions to stop the Routing

loops. Cont..
Route Poisoning
If there any network will down then corresponding
router will start advertising that network as a 16th
network or unreachable network.
This will stop all other to send packets for that
network

Collision Domain

It is a network segment with multiple hosts in

which they all shares the same bandwidth.
Exa.. HUB
Hub is a 1 collision and 1 broadcast domain

Means if two hosts transmits at same time a

collision can occur

Broadcast domain
The boundary in which all devices can see and
participate in the broadcast sent from the nay node to
any node in the network.

A broadcast domain is always created by the routers.

Device Specifications
HUB:- 1 Collision domain
1 Broadcast domain
At a time only one request can travel to all the nodes
connected with the hub.
And if there is any collision then a single collision can
stop whole network
Switch:- 1 Broadcast domain, multiple collision domain,
each port is a separate collision domain, multiple unicast
domain.
A Switch always performs 1st time broadcast when it is
power ON and after that it will always use unicast
method for data distribution

Device Specifications conti

Router:- each port of a router is a separate collision
domain and a broadcast domain.
Bcz any broadcast or any collision in the
internetwork will only affects the connected port of
the router not to all the interfaces of the router.
A router used to handle all its ports separately.

Administrative Distance:
Ranking Routes
It is used to give the rank to the routing protocols
It is an integer from 0-255
It will show the trustworthiness of any routing
protocol.
0 means most trusted.
255 means traffic can`t be pass to that route.

Administrative Distance:
Ranking Routes
How the AD is used.
Whenever a router will receive two routing updates
At same time then it will check for the AD distance
for that updates and save the update with least AD
in its routing table.
BUT if the both have the same AD then it will follow
the routing metrics of protocol that is used for the
routing from the side of routing update.
Like [hop count/shortest path]

Administrative Distance:
Ranking Routes
Source
AD
Connected 0
Static
1
RIP
120
IGRP
100
EIGRP
90
OSPF
110
Unknown 255
255 will never
be used.

Classfull Routing Overview/ subnetting

FLSM
Classfull routing protocols do not include the subnet mask
with the route advertisement.
Within the same network, consistency of the subnet masks is
assumed.
Summary routes are exchanged between foreign networks.
These are examples of classfull routing protocols:
RIP version 1 (RIPv1)
IGRP

Classless Routing Overview/ Subnetting

VLSM
Classless routing protocols include the subnet mask with the
route advertisement.
Classless routing protocols support variable-length subnet
mask (VLSM).
Summary routes can be manually controlled within the
network.
These are examples of classless routing protocols:
RIP version 2 (RIPv2)
EIGRP
OSPF
IS-IS

Routing Protocol Comparison Chart

Summary
Routing is the process by which items get from one location to
another. In networking, a router is the device used to route
traffic. Routers can forward packets over static routes or
dynamic routes, based on the router configuration.
Static routers use a route that a network administrator enters
into the router manually. Dynamic routes use a router that a
network routing protocol adjusts automatically for topology or
traffic changes.
Unidirectional static routes must be configured to and from a
stub network to allow communications to occur.
The ip route command can be used to configure default route
forwarding.
The show ip route command is used to verify that static routing
is properly configured. Static routes are signified in the
command output by S.

Summary (Cont.)
Dynamic routing protocols determine how updates are
conveyed, what knowledge is conveyed, when to convey
knowledge, and how to locate recipients of the updates.
A routing protocol that has a lower administrative value is
more trustworthy than a protocol that has a higher
administrative value.
There are three classes of routing protocols: distance vector,
link-state, and balanced hybrid.
The ip classless command can be used to prevent a router
from dropping a packet that is destined for an unknown
subnetwork of a directly attached network if a default route
is configured.