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Trunking
A trunk is a physical and logical connection between two
switches across which network traffic travels.
In a switched network, a trunk is a point-to-point link that
supports several VLANs.
The purpose of a trunk is to conserve ports when a link
between two devices that implement VLANs is created.
Trunking
Trunking bundles multiple virtual links over one physical
link.
This allows the traffic of several VLANs to travel over a
single cable between the switches.
Trunking
Trunking protocols were developed to effectively manage
the transfer of frames from different VLANs on a single
physical line.
Frame tagging has been adopted as the standard trunking
mechanism by the IEEE.
Trunking
The unique physical link between the two switches is able
to carry traffic for any VLAN.
Each frame sent on the link is tagged so that it carries the
VLAN ID to identify which VLAN it belongs to.
The two most common tagging schemes for Ethernet
segments are ISL and 802.1Q:
ISL A Cisco proprietary protocol
802.1Q An IEEE standard that is the focus of this section
Trunking
Frame tagging functions at Layer 2 and does not require
much network resources or administrative overhead.
It is important to understand that a trunk
link does not belong to a specific VLAN.
A trunk link is a conduit for VLANs
between switches.
Trunking
To configure 802.1q trunking on a 2950 switch, first
determine which ports on the switches will be used to
connect the two switches together.
Then in the Global configuration mode enter the following
commands on both switches:
Switch_A(config)#interface fastethernet interface #
Switch_A(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
Trunking
To verify that trunking has been configured and verify the
settings use the following commands from Privileged EXEC
mode of the switch:
show interfaces Fa0/port_num
show interfaces trunk
VTP Servers
VTP servers can create, modify, and delete VLAN and
VLAN configuration parameters for the entire domain.
VTP servers save VLAN configuration information in the
switch NVRAM.
VTP servers send VTP messages out to all trunk ports.
VTP Client
VTP clients cannot create, modify, or delete VLAN
information.
The only role of VTP clients is to process VLAN changes
and send VTP messages out all trunk ports.
VTP Advertisements
Each advertisement starts as configuration revision number
0.
As changes are made, the configuration revision number is
increased incrementally by one, or n + 1.
Only the advertisement with the highest revision number is
maintained.
VTP Configuration
Switch# configure terminal
Switch(config)# vtp mode [ server | client | transparent ]
Switch(config)# vtp domain domain-name
Switch(config)# vtp password
Switch(config)# vtp pruning
Switch(config)# exit
Inter-VLAN Routing
If a VLAN spans across multiple devices a trunk is used to
interconnect the devices.
A trunk carries traffic for multiple VLANs.
a trunk can connect a switch to another switch
a switch to the inter-VLAN router
a switch to a server with a special NIC installed that supports
trunking.
Inter-VLAN Routing
In a traditional situation, a network with four VLANs would
require four physical connections between the switch and
the external router.
The router only supports one VLAN per interface.
This does not scale very well.
Inter-VLAN Routing
Networks with many VLANs must use VLAN trunking to
assign multiple VLANs to a single router interface.
The router can support many logical interfaces on individual
physical links through the use of subinterfaces.
The primary advantage of using a trunk link is a reduction
in the number of router and switch ports used.
Inter-VLAN Routing
A subinterface is a logical interface within a physical
interface.
Each subinterface supports one VLAN, and is assigned one
IP address.
In order to route between VLANs with subinterfaces, a
subinterface must be created for each VLAN.
Inter-VLAN Routing
To define subinterfaces on a physical interface, perform the
following tasks:
Identify the interface.
Define the VLAN encapsulation.
Assign an IP address to the interface.
Inter-VLAN Routing
The router must be able to talk to the switch using a
standardized trunking protocol (encapsulation).
To define the VLAN encapsulation, enter the
encapsulation command in interface configuration mode.
Router(config-if)#encapsulation dot1q vlan-number
Inter-VLAN Routing
To assign the IP address to the subinterface, enter the
following command in subinterface configuration mode.
Router_A(config-subif)# ip address ip-address subnet-mask
Router_A(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
Router_A(config-if)#no shutdown
Router_A(config-if)#interface fastethernet 0/0.1
Router_A(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1q 1
Router_A(config-subif)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0