WCDMA Key Technologies

ZTE University

Objectives

At the end of this course, you will be able to:

Master key technologies of WCDMA

Master characteristic of WCDMA system capacity

Content

WCDMA Key Technologies

Power Control
Handover Control
Admission Control
Load Control
Code Resource Allocation
RAKE Receiver

WCDMA Capacity Features

Power Control

CDMA is not a new technology

Power control is a key technology of CDMA
system
Power control is the key path for launching the
large scale CDMA commercial network

CDMA
CDMAis
is aa typical
typical self-interference
self-interference system,
system, thus
thus the
the chief
chief
principle
principle is
is that
that any
any potential
potential surplus
surplus transmitted
transmitted power
power for
for
service
service must
must be
be controlled.
controlled.

Why Power Control?

All CDMA users occupy the same

frequency spectrum at the same time!
Frequency and time are not used as
discriminators.

CDMA operates by using codes to

discriminate between users.

CDMA interference comes mainly from

nearby users

Each user is a small voice in a roaring

crowd -- but with a uniquely recoverable
code.

To achieve acceptable service quality, the transmit power of all users must be
tightly controlled so that their signals reach the base station with the same
signal strength and the absolute minimum power level demanded to avoid the
Near-Far Effect.

Near-Far Effect
Block the whole cell

Overpowered by strong signals

Power
f

Power control
Power

Power

Each
Each terminal
terminal is
is an
an interference
interference
source
source to
to the
the others.
others. The
The Near-far
Near-far
effect
effect will
will impact
impact the
the capacity
capacity
tremendously
tremendously

Power
Power control
control will
will reduce
reduce the
the
cross
cross interference
interference significantly
significantly
and
and improve
improve the
the total
total capacity
capacity

Purpose of Power Control

Downlink Power Control

Uplink Power Control

Cell transmitted power

UE transmitted signal

Power control command (TPC)

Power control command (TPC)

Overcome near-far effect and compensate signal fading

Reduce multi-access interference and guarantee cell capacity
Extend battery life

Category of Power control

Open loop power control no
feedback
RNC

UE

Node B

Close loop power control feedback

RNC

Inner-loop

UE

Outer-loop
Node B

Category of Power Control

Open Loop
Measure the channel interference condition and adjust the initial transmitted
power

Close
CloseLoop
Loop
Inner
InnerLoop
Loop

Measure
Measurethe
theSIR
SIR(Signaling
(Signalingto
toInterference
InterferenceRatio),
Ratio),compare
comparewith
withthe
thetarget
target
SIR
SIRvalue,
value,and
andthen
thensend
sendpower
powercontrol
controlinstruction
instructionto
toUE.
UE.
The
Thefrequency
frequencyofofWCDMA
WCDMAinner
innerloop
looppower
powercontrol
controlisis1500Hz.
1500Hz.
IfIfmeasured
measuredSIR>target
SIR>targetSIR,
SIR,decrease
decreasethe
theUE
UEtransmitted
transmittedpower.
power.
IfIfmeasured
measuredSIR
SIR<target
<targetSIR,
SIR,increase
increasethe
theUE
UEtransmitted
transmittedpower.
power.

Close
CloseLoop
Loop
Outer
OuterLoop
Loop

Measure
Measurethe
theBLER
BLER(Block
(BlockError
ErrorRate),
Rate),and
andadjust
adjustthe
thetarget
targetSIR.
SIR.
The
Thefrequency
frequencyofofWCDMA
WCDMAouter
outerloop
looppower
powercontrol
controlisis10~100Hz.
10~100Hz.
IfIfmeasured
measuredBLER>target
BLER>targetBLER,
BLER,decrease
decreasethe
thetarget
targetSIR
SIRvalue.
value.
IfIfmeasured
measuredBLER<target
BLER<targetBLER,
BLER,increase
increasethe
thetarget
targetSIR
SIRvalue.
value.

Open Loop Power Control

General principals of open loop power control

Open loop power control is applied to estimate the initial

transmitted power for a new radio link.
P-CPICH signal is used in Downlink Open Loop Power
Control, which is measured by UE to estimate the initial
transmitted power.
The following factors will also be considered, such as
service QoS and data rate, Eb/No requirements of
establishing service, current downlink total Transmitted
Power and interference from neighbor cell etc.

Close Loop Inner Loop Power Control

Measure receiving SIR and
compare to target SIR

1500Hz
1500Hz

Inner loop

TPC instruction
Set SIRtar

NodeB
Try
Try to
to get
get the
the equal
equal receiving
receiving
Eb
Eb (Energy
(Energy per
per bit)
bit) of
of each
each
UE
UE at
at Node
Node BB

UE
Each
Each radio
radio link
link has
has
its
its own
own control
control
circle
circle

Close Loop Inner Loop Power Control

General principals of inner loop power control

The receiver compares the SIR value of received signal with target SIR,
and then sends back TPC instruction. According to the instruction, the
sender will decide to increase/decrease the transmitted power.

The adjusted rang=TPC_cmdTPC_STEP_SIZE

Inner loop power control is required for the following channels

DPCH, PDSCH, PCPCH

Inner loop power control is not required for the following channels

P-CPICH(S-CPICH), P-CCPCH(S-CCPCH), PRACH etc.

Close Loop Inner Loop Power Control

Measure
Measure BLER
BLER
of
of TRCH
TRCH

Get
Get data
data flow
flow
with
with stable
stable BLER
BLER

Measure receiving
BLER and compare to
target BLER

Measure receiving SIR

and
compare to target SIR

Inner loop

Outer Loop
Set BLERtar

TPC instruction

Set SIRtar
10-100Hz

RNC

NodeB

UE

Close Loop Outer Loop Power Control

Outer Loop Power Control algorithm

Employ the inner loop power control to keep SIR close to target
SIR.

Measure the quality of service, including target BLER, CRC

indicator and SIR Error, then set the value of SIR_Target.

Tune the target SIR with pre-defined step as the adjustment

parameter for inner loop power control to keep the service in good
quality in time-varying wireless propagation environment.

The uplink open loop power control algorithm is executed in the

RNC while the downlink one is executed in UE.

The Effect of Power Control

The purpose of DL power control:

Saving power resource of NodeB.

Reducing interference to other NodeB.

The purpose of UL power control:

Overcoming Near-Far effect. Extending UE battery life.

WCDMA system capacity depends on the effect of power control

Content

WCDMA Key Technologies

Power Control
Handover Control
Admission Control
Load Control
Code Resource Allocation
RAKE Receiver

WCDMA Capacity Features

Whats

When UE is moving from the coverage area of one site to another,

or the quality of service is declined by external interference during a
service, the service must be handed over to an idle channel for
sustaining the service.
Handover is used to guarantee the continuity of service

Handover is a key technology for mobile networking

Category of Handover
Soft handover (SHO)

WCDMA system support

multiple handover technology

Intra-RNC, inter-Node B

Inter-RNC

Softer handover

Same Node B, Inter-sector

Hard handover (HHO)

Intra-frequency

Inter-frequency

Inter-system (3G&2G)

Inter-mode (FDD&TDD)

Handover Demonstration

Soft
Handover

Hard Handover

Soft Handover/Softer Handover

Soft Handover
C
A

C
A

Soft-Softer Handover
C
A

C
A

Softer Handover
C
A

C
A

Hard Handover

During the hard handover

procedure, all the old radio links with
the UE are abandoned before new
ones are established, so there must
be service interruption during the
HHO.
Hard handover may occur in the
following main cases

When the UE is handed over to another

UTRAN carrier, or another technology
mode.
When soft handover is not permitted (if
O&M constraint)

Hard Handover
CN

SRNC

Node B

RNC or
BSC

Node B or
BTS

Soft/Softer Handover

The soft/softer handover allows to migrate from one cell

to another without service interruption or without deleting
all old radio links.
UE can connecte to more than one cell simultaneously
and take benefit from the macro-diversity.
Soft
Handover
Soft
SoftHandover
Handover

The two Node

Bs Node
may Bs
The two
may Same
belong RNC
to the
belong to the

CN
CN
CN

Softer
Handover
Softer
Handover
Softer
Handover

CN
CN

same RNC

SRNC
Iur

Node B

DRNC

SRNC

Node B

WCDMA General Handover Procedures

---- Handover Trilogy

Measurement Control

Handover decision

UTRAN demands the UE to start measurement through

issuing a measurement control message.
UTRAN makes the decision based on the measurement
reports from UE. The implementation of handover
decision is various for different vendors. It impacts on
the system performance critically.

Handover execution

UTRAN and UE execute different handover procedure

according to the handover command .

General Procedure of Handover Control (I)

Measuring
The measurement objects are decided by RNC. Usually, either Ec/N0 or
RSCP (Received Signal Code Power) of P-CPICH channel is used for
handover decision.
ZTE RNC adopts Ec/N0 measurement, because Ec/N0 embodies both
the received signal strength and the interference. The relation of Ec/N0
and RSCP is shown as follows:
Ec/N0 RSCP/RSSI
In the above equation RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator is
measured within the bandwidth of associated channels

General Procedure of Handover Control (II)

Reporting
Period report triggered handover

Base on the filtered measurement result

Event report triggered handover

Base on the event

Measurement result filtered in

Soft
Handover
Hard
Handover

Period

UE
Event decided in RNC
Handover decided in RNC

Event

Measurement result filtered in UE

Event decided in UE
Handover decided in RNC

General Procedure of Handover Control (III)

Handover algorithm

All the handover algorithms including soft handover,

hard handover and so on are implemented on the event
decision made according to the measurement reports.

Events defined in 3GPP specifications

Intra-frequency events 1A~1F

Inter-frequency events 2A~2F
Inter-RAT events 3A~3D

Note: RAT is short for Radio Access Technology, e.g.

WCDMA&GSM

Concepts Related to Handover

Active Set:

Monitored Set:

A set of cells that have established radio links with a

certain mobile station.
User information is sent from all these cells.
A set of cells that are not in the active set but are
monitored according to the list of adjacent cells
assigned by the UTRAN.

Detected Set:

A set of cells that are neither in the active set nor in the
monitor set.

Soft handover process

Measurement

RNC sends a measurement control message to UE.

UE should perform measurement as required and report the measurement
result.
Generally, the measured parameter is the common pilots Ec/No.

Decision

RNC stores data of different cells according to the measurement results.

RNC makes preliminary decision according to the event decision method.
e.g.

When the event is reported and the target cell is acceptable, send an active set
update command to add/delete the cell into/from the active set.

Execution

The RNC sends an active set update command to UE and UE starts

handover.

Soft handover events

Event

Description

1A

Quality of target cell improves, entering a report

range of relatively activating set quality

1B

Quality of target cell decreases, depart from a

report range of relatively activating set quality

1C

The quality of a non-activated set cell is better

than that of a certain activated set cell

1D

Best cell generates change

1E

Quality of target cell improves, better than an

absolute threshold

1F

Quality of target cell decreases, worse than an

absolute threshold

An Example of SHO Procedure

Pilot
Ec/Io

Pilot Ec/Io of cell 1

Pilot Ec/Io of cell 2

Pilot Ec/Io of cell 3

Connect to cell1

time
Event 1A
Event 1C
Event 1B
add cell2 replace cell1 with cell 3 remove cell3

Example of soft handover

UE

Target Node B

Source Node B

RNC

RRC: Measurement Report(Event 1a) (From Source Node B to RNC)

Executing handover
judgement and
adding a radio link
in Target Node B

NBAP: Radio Link Setup Request

NBAP: Radio Link Setup Response
Start to receive

Distributing transmission resources on Iub interface

Start to send

RRC: Active Set Update(E1a) (From Source Node B to UE)

RRC: Active Set Update Complete (From Source & Target Node B to RNC
simutaneously)
UE connects to Source Node B and Target Node B simutaneously

RNS Relocation
Core Network

Core Network

Iu
Serving
RNS

Iu
Target
RNS

Iur

Target
RNS

RNS
Radio Network Sub-system

RNS relocation can :

Reduce the Iur traffic significantly

Enhance the system adaptability

Serviing
RNS

Hard Handover

Hard handover measurement is much more

complex for UE than soft handover measurement.
Inter-frequency hard handover requires UE to
measure the signal of other frequencies.
WCDMA employs compressed mode technology
to support inter-frequency measurement.

Content

WCDMA Key Technologies

Power Control
Handover Control
Admission Control
Load Control
Code Resource Allocation
RAKE Receiver

WCDMA Capacity Features

Admission Control

The admission control is employed to admit the

access of incoming call. Its general principal is
based on the availability and utilization of the
system resources.
If the system has enough resources such as load
margin, code, and channel element etc. the
admission control will accept the call and allocate
resources to it.

Purpose of Admission Control

When user initiates a call , the admission control should

implement admission or rejection for this service
according to the resource situation.
The admission control will sustain the system stability
firstly and try the best to satisfy the new calling services
QoS request, such as service rate, quality (SIR or BER),
and delay etc. basing on the radio measurement.
Admission control is the only access entry for the
incoming services, its strategy will directly effect the cell
capacity and stability, e.g. call loss rate, call drop rate.

Admission Control in Uplink

Itotal_old+I >Ithreshold
Access
Threshold

Interference capacity
Service priority
Reserved capacity for
handover

The forecasted interference including the delta

interference brought by the incoming service is
calculated by the admission algorithm, and its
result depends on the QoS and transmission
propagation environment

Iown-cell
The current RTWP (Received
Total Wide Power) value of cell,
which is reported by Node B

Iother-cell
~
N0

Admission Control in Downlink

Ptotal_old+P>=Pthreshold
Access
Threshold

Max TCP of cell

Service priority
Reserved capacity for
handover

The forecasted TCP value including delta

power required for the incoming service is
calculated by the admission algorithm, and its
result depends on the QoS and transmission
propagation environment.
The current TCP value of cell, which
is reported by Node B
Transmitted Carrier Power*Pmax

Content

WCDMA Key Technologies

Power Control
Handover Control
Admission Control
Load Control
Code Resource Allocation
RAKE Receiver

WCDMA Capacity Features

Purpose of Load Control

The speed and position
changing of UE may
worsen the wireless
environment.

Increased transmitted
power will increase the
system load.

The purpose of load control is to keep the

system load under a pre-planned threshold
through several means of decreasing it, so as to
improve the system stability.

Load control

Load Control Flows

Start

Light loaded

Decision

Over loaded

Normal loaded

1. Handover in and access

are allowed
2. Transmitted code power
(TCP) increase is allowed
3. RAB service rate
upgrade is allowed

1. Handover in
and access are
allowed
2. TCP increase
is allowed

1.Handover in and
access are forbidden
2. TCP increase is
forbidden
3. RAB service rate
degrade
4. Handover out
5. Release call (call drop)

Load Control in Uplink

Triggers

Methods for decreasing load

RTWP (Received Total Wide-band Power) value from measurement

report exceeds the uplink overload threshold;
Admission control is triggered when rejecting the access of services
with lower priority due to insufficient load capacity in uplink.
Decrease the target Eb/No of service in uplink;
Decrease the rate of none real time data service;
Handover to GSM system;
Decrease the rate of real time service, e.g. voice call;
Release calls.

Methods for increasing load

Increase the service rate.

Load Control in Downlink

Triggers

Methods for decreasing load

TCP (Transmitted Carrier Power) value from measurement report

exceeds the downlink overload threshold;
Admission control is triggered when rejecting the access of services
with lower priority due to insufficient load capacity in downlink.
Decrease the downlink target Eb/No of service in downlink;
Decrease the rate of none real time data service;
Handover to coverage-shared light loaded carrier;
Handover to GSM system;
Decrease the rate of real time service, e.g. voice call;
Release calls.

Methods for increasing load

Increase the service rate.

Cell Breathing Effect

Cell breathing is
one of the means
for load control

The
The purpose
purpose of
of cell
cell breathing
breathing is
is to
to share
share the
the load
load of
of hothotspot
spot cell
cell with
with the
the light
light loaded
loaded neighbor
neighbor cells,
cells, therefore
therefore to
to
improve
improve the
the utilization
utilization of
of system
system capacity.
capacity.

Example for load control

Cell Breathing Effect
With the increase of activated terminals
and the increase of high speed
services, interference will increase.
The cell coverage area will shrink.
Coverage blind spot occurs
Drop of call will happen at the edge of
cell

Coverage and
capacity are
interrelated

Content

WCDMA Key Technologies

Power Control
Handover Control
Admission Control
Load Control
Code Resource Allocation
RAKE Receiver

WCDMA Capacity Features

WCDMA Code Resource

WCDMA code resource including

Channelized Code (OVSF code)

Uplink Channelized Code

Downlink Channelized Code

Scrambling Code (PN code)

Uplink Scrambling Code

Downlink Scrambling Code

Function of OVSF Code

Downlink: distinguish different radio channels from the same NodeB.
OC3, OC4
OC1, OC2
OC5, OC6, OC7

Uplink: distinguish different radio channels from the same UE.

OC1, OC2
OC1 , OC2, OC3
OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4

Function of PN code

Downlink: distinguish different Cells

Uplink: distinguish different UEs
Cell Site 1 transmits using PN code 1

PN1

PN1

PN3

PN4

Cell Site 2 transmits using PN code 2

PN2

PN5

PN2

PN6

Why Code Resource Planning?

The OVSF (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor)

code tree is a scarce resource and only one code
tree can be used in each cell. In order to make full
use of the capacity, and support as many
connections as possible, it is important to plan and
control the usage of channel code resource.
Downlink PN code allocation should be planned to
avoid the interference between neighboring cells.
The uplink PN codes are sufficient, but RNC should
plan the codes to use for avoiding allocating same
code to different users in inter-RNC handover
scenario.

Code Resource Planning

The uplink and downlink scrambling code can be

planned easily by computer.
The uplink channelized code does not need planning, for
every UE can use the whole code tree alone.
Therefore, only the downlink channelized code is
planned with certain algorithm in RNC.
Each cell has one primary scrambling code, which
correlates with a channel code tree. All the users under
this cell share this single code tree, so the OVSF code
resource is very limited.
The downlink channelized code tree is a typical binary
tree with each layer corresponds to a certain SF ranging
from SF4 to SF512.

Generation of Channelized Code

Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1

SF = 2

SF = 4

OVSF Code Tree

Channelized Code Characters

Code allocation restriction
The code to be allocated must fulfill the condition that its
ancestor nodes including from father node to root node and
offspring nodes in the sub tree are not allocated;
Code allocation side effect
The allocated node will block its ancestor nodes and offspring
nodes, thus the blocked nodes will not be available for
allocation until being unblocked .

SF=8
SF=16

SF=32

Strategy of Channelized Code Allocation

Full utilization

Low Complexity

Short code first.

Allocate codes for common channels and physical shared channels

prior to dedicated channels.

The fewer the blocked codes, the higher code tree utilization rate.

Guarantee the code allocation for common physical channels.

Apply certain optimized strategy to allocate codes for downlink

dedicated physical channels.

An Example of Code Allocation

SF = 4
SF = 8
SF = 16
SF = 32
0

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

10

11

12

13

14

15

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

SF = 4

Choose one
code from
three
candidates

SF = 8
SF = 16
SF = 32

Red spots represent the codes that have been allocated

Green spots represent the codes that are blocked by the allocated offspring codes
Blue spots represent the codes that are blocked by the allocated ancestor codes;
Black spots represent the codes that to be allocated;

Planning of downlink PN code

PN2

PN4

PN6

PN2

PN3

PN7

PN4

PN6
PN5

PN4

PN2

PN4

PN6
PN5

PN4
PN5

PN3

PN7

PN1

PN1
PN6

PN5
PN3

PN7

PN1

PN3

PN7

PN1
PN6

PN5

PN2

PN3

PN7

PN1

PN2

PN2

PN3

PN7

PN1
PN4

PN6
PN5

Content

WCDMA Key Technologies

Power Control
Handover Control
Admission Control
Load Control
Code Resource Allocation
RAKE Receiver

WCDMA Capacity Features

RAKE Receiver

The multi-path signals contain some useful energy

, therefore the CDMA receiver can combine these
energy of multi-path signals to improve the
received signal to noise ratio.
RAKE receiver adopts several correlation
detectors to receive the multi-path signals, and
then combines the received signal energy.
RAKE
RAKE Receiver
Receiver can
can effectively
effectively overcome
overcome the
the multi-path
multi-path
interference,
interference, consequently
consequently improve
improve the
the receiving
receiving performance.
performance.

RAKE Receiving

d1

d2
d3

transmitting

Receiving

Rake
combination

noise
t

Multi-finger receiver

Traditional receiver

Multi-path signals are treated as interference.

The receiving performance will decline because of the
Multi-address Interference (MAI).

Precondition of Multi-finger receiver

Multi-finger receiver utilizes the Multi-path Effect.

Multi-finger signals can be combined through relative
process
Multi-finger time delay is larger than 1 chip interval,
which is 0.26us=>78m.

Multi-finger receiver
Direct signal

coding

transmitter

decoding

Reflected signal

receiver

Dispersive time < 1 chip interval

Multi-finger receiver cant supply multi-finger diversity

Direct signal

decoding

coding

transmitter

Reflected signal

receiver

Dispersive time > 1 chip interval

Multi-finger receiver can supply multi-finger diversity, signal gain is improved

RAKE Receiving
Single
receiving
Single
receiving

receiver

combining

signal

Single
receiving

searcher
s(t)

calculate

s(t)

RAKE Receiving overcomes multi-finger interference, improves

receiving performance

Combination of Multi-fingers

Maximal ratio combining (MRC)

at each time delay

Finger 1

Finger 2

Finger 3

phase shifting

by adding

Content

WCDMA Key Technologies

Power Control
Handover Control
Admission Control
Load Control
Code Resource Allocation
RAKE Receiver

WCDMA Capacity Features

Capacity of WCDMA

UL c
a

paci
ty is
inter restrain
feren
ed b
y
ce

DL c
ap
by th acity is r
e
e po
wer strained
of N
odeB

Power Rising

Power rising occurs because of the Multiple Access

Interference (MAI) resulting from the non-orthogonal
code channels.

WCDMA network

Code channel transmit

Channel power
Promised channel quality
Channel power rise
Power climb
Collapse over the range

Meeting Room
talk with dialects
voice tone
listen clearly
voice tone rise
voice climb
can not hear each other

Power Rising

Capacity of WCDMA System

Under the circumstance of single services:

=
=
=

Capacity of WCDMA System

Under the circumstance of mixed services

...

+Y

+Z

WCDMA Capacity Features

WCDMA capacity feature

WCDMA capacity is Soft Capacity.

The Concept of Soft Capacity

The system capacity and communication quality are

interconvertible.
Different services have different capacity.
Different proportion of services have different capacity
for mixed services.
The capacity is also restricted to the allocation of code
resource.

Concept of Soft Capacity

Different
service has
different
capacity

Different combination
of service has
different capacity

System
System capacity
capacity and
and QoS
QoS can
can be
be interconverted
interconverted

Crucial Factors for WCDMA Network (CQC)

ty
ali
Qu

Co
ve
r ag
e

Capacity

All
All the
the key
key technologies
technologies adopted
adopted are
are used
used to
to try
try to
to
achieve
achieve the
the optimal
optimal balance
balance of
of the
the three
three factors
factors

Coverage and Capacity

WCDMA performance is determined by such factors

as

Number of users
Transmission rate
Moving speed
Wireless environment

The radius of cell depends on such factors as:

indoors
Outdoors

Local radio conditions (local interference)

Traffic in neighbouring cells (remote interference)

Cell Radius decrease according to the Increase of user

number

Coverage/capacity VS Data Rate

Higher data rate needs higher power

High data rate transmission is only available
nearby the station
Coverage decrease

>384 kbps
>144 kbps
>64 kbps

Subscriber
num
increase

>12.2 kbps

Optimization methods

To overcome Cell Breathing Effect caused by

increased traffic and meet different requirements
for capacity and coverage in different
environment, following solutions can be applied:
DL
transmission

diversity (Tx Div)

high power amplifier

UL
Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA)
4 Rx Div
OTSR

DL/UL:
Add carrier
six sectors

Add basestation
last choice

Factors affects WCDMA Capacity

Factors

Impact on WCDMA capacity

Power Control

Reducing interference, saving power and Increasing

capacity

Handover
Control

Impacting the capacity through applying different proportion

and algorithm of soft handover

Admission
Control

Admitting a connection base on the load and the admission

threshold of planned capacity

Load Control

Monitoring system load and adjusting the ongoing services

to avoid overload

OVSF Code

The Allocation of codes impacts the maximum number of

simultaneous connections.

RAKE Receiver

The advanced receiving and baseband processing

technology is introduced to overcome the fast fading

Wireless
Environment

Wireless environment such as interferences, UE position

and mobility etc. can influent the cell capacity

Exercise

what is the near-far effect

what is the purpose of Power Control .
Power control is classify into (
) (
)
and (
)
pls describe WCDMA Handover technology
category.
Handover procedure includes (
) (
) and (
)
What is the Cell Breathing Effect.
Whats the relation between Capacity, Quality and
Coverage?