Chapter 29 - Magnetic

Fields
A PowerPoint Presentation by
Paul E. Tippens, Professor of
Physics
Southern Polytechnic State
2007
University

Objectives: After completing

this module, you should be
able to:

Define the magnetic field,

discussing magnetic poles and
lines.
flux
Solve problems involving the

magnitude and direction of

forces on charges moving in a
field.
magnetic
Solve problems involving the
magnitude and direction of forces
on current carrying conductors in a
B-field.

Magnetism
Since ancient times, certain materials, called
magnets, have been known to have the
property of attracting tiny pieces of metal.
This attractive property is called magnetism.

Bar
Magnet

S
N

Magnetic Poles
Iron
filings
N
S

The strength of a
magnet is concentrated
at the ends, called north
and south poles of the
magnet.
W

A suspended
magnet: N-seeking
end and S-seeking
end are N and S
poles.

N
S

N
Bar
magnet

N
E

Compass

Magnetic AttractionRepulsion

Magnetic
Forces: Like
Poles Repel

S
S

N
N
S

Unlike Poles
Attract

Magnetic Field Lines

We can describe
magnetic field
lines by imagining
a tiny compass
placed at nearby
points.
The direction of the
magnetic field B at
any point is the
same as the
direction indicated
by this compass.

Field B is strong where

lines are dense and
weak where lines are
sparse.

Field Lines Between

Magnets
Unlike
poles

Attractio
n

Leave N
and enter
S

N
Like
poles

Repulsion

The Density of Field Lines

Electric
field

Magnetic field flux

lines

A
B
A
S

Line density

N
E
A

Line density

Magnetic Field
Field BBisis sometimes
sometimes called
called the
the flux
flux
Magnetic
density in
inWebers
Webers per
per square
square meter
meter (Wb/m
(Wb/m22).).
density

Magnetic Flux Density

Magnetic flux lines
are continuous and
closed.
Direction
is that of

the B vector at any

point.
Flux lines are NOT in

direction of force but

.
When
When area
area AA is
is
perpendicular
perpendicular to
to
flux:
flux:

Magnetic Flux
density:

BB ;;
== BA
BA
AA

The unit of flux density is the Weber per square

meter.

Calculating Flux Density

When Area is Not
Perpendicular
The flux penetrating
the area A when the
normal vector n
makes an angle of
with the B-field is:

BA
BAcos
cos

n
A

The angle is the complement of the angle a that

the plane of the area makes with the B field. (Cos
= Sin

Origin of Magnetic Fields

Recall that the strength of an electric field E
was defined as the electric force per unit
charge.
Since no isolated magnetic pole has ever
been found, we cant define the magnetic
field B in terms of the magnetic force per
unit north pole.
We
We will
will see
see instead
instead that
that
magnetic
magnetic fields
fields result
result from
from
charges
charges in
in motionnot
motionnot
from
from stationary
stationary charge
charge or
or
poles.
poles. This
This fact
fact will
will be
be
covered
covered later.
later.

+
+

Bv

Magnetic Force on Moving

Charge
Imagine a tube
that projects
charge +q with
velocity v into
perpendicular B
Experiment shows:
field.

FF
qvB
qvB

B
v

Upward magnetic force

F on charge moving in B
field.

Each of the following results in a greater

magnetic force F: an increase in velocity v,
an increase in charge q, and a larger
magnetic field B.

Direction of Magnetic
Force
The right hand
rule
:
With a flat
right
hand,
point thumb in
direction of velocity
v, fingers in direction
of B field. The flat
hand pushes in the
direction of force F.

B
v

B
v

The
The force
force is
is greatest
greatest when
when the
the velocity
velocity
vv is
is perpendicular
perpendicular to
to the
the BB field.
field. The
The
deflection
deflection decreases
decreases to
to zero
zero for
for parallel
parallel
motion.
motion.

Force and Angle of Path

N
N
N

S
S
S

Deflection force
greatest when path
perpendicular to field.
Least at parallel.

FF
vvsin
sin
F

v sin

B
v

Definition of B-field
Experimental observations show the following:

FF qv
qvsin
sin or
or

FF
constant
constant
qv
qvsin
sin

By choosing appropriate units for the

constant of proportionality, we can now
define the B-field as:
FF
Magnetic
BB
or
or FF qvB
qvBsin
sin
qv
Field
qvsin
sin
Intensity B:
AA magnetic
magnetic field
field intensity
intensity of
of one
one tesla
tesla (T)
(T)
exists
exists in
in aa region
region of
of space
space where
where aa charge
charge of
of
one
one coulomb
coulomb (C)
(C) moving
moving at
at 11 m/s
m/s
perpendicular
perpendicular to
to the
the B-field
B-field will
will experience
experience aa
force
force of
of one
one newton
newton (N).
(N).

Example 1. A 2-nC charge is projected with

velocity 5 x 104 m/s at an angle of 300 with
a 3 mT magnetic field as shown. What
are the magnitude and direction of the
resulting
force?
Draw
a rough
sketch.
F
B
B
q = 2 x 10-9 C
v = 5 x 104
m/s B = 3 x
10-3 T = 300

v sin

Using right-hand rule, the force is seen to be

upward.

F qvB sin (2 x 10-9C)(5 x 10 4 m/s)(3 x 10-3T) sin 30 0

-7
Resultant
Magnetic
Force:
F
=
1.50
x
10
Resultant Magnetic Force: F = 1.50 x 10-7 N,
N,
upward
upward

Forces on Negative
Charges
Forces on negative charges are opposite to

Forces
Forces on
on negative
negative charges
charges are
are opposite
opposite to
to
those
those on
on positive
positive charges.
charges. The
The force
force on
on the
the
negative
negative charge
charge requires
requires aa left-hand
left-hand rule
rule to
to
show
show downward
downward force
force FF..
Righthand rule
for
positive q

B
v

Left-hand
rule for
negative
q

B
v

Indicating Direction of Bfields

One way of indicating the directions of fields

perpen-dicular to a plane is to use crosses X

and dots :
A field directed into the
X X X X
paper is denoted by a
X X
cross X like the tail
X X X X
feathers of an arrow.
X X X
X X X

A field directed out of the

paper is denoted by
a dot
like the front tip end of an
arrow.

Practice With Directions:

What
What is
is the
the direction
direction of
of the
the force
force FF on
on the
the
charge
charge in
in each
each of
of the
the examples
examples described
described
below?
below?
F
v
X X X X Up
X X X X
v
FX X
X+ X
+
Left
X X X X
X X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
F

Up
v

negative

Right

Crossed E and B Fields

The
The motion
motion of
of charged
charged particles,
particles, such
such as
as
electrons,
electrons, can
can be
be controlled
controlled by
by combined
combined
electric
electric and
and magnetic
magnetic fields.
fields.
Note: FE on
+
electron is
ex x x
upward and
x x x
v
opposite E-field.
x x
But, FB on electron
is down (left-hand
B
F
rule).
E
B
Zero deflection
-v
when FB = FE
E
e v
F

FB

The Velocity Selector

This
This device
device uses
uses crossed
crossed fields
fields to
to select
select only
only
those
those velocities
velocities for
for which
which FFBB =
= FFEE.. (Verify
(Verify
directions
directions for
for +q)
+q)
Source
When FB = FE :
+
of +q
qvB qE
+
x x x
q
x x x
v
E

E
vv
BB

x x

Velocity selector

By
By adjusting
adjusting the
the EE and/or
and/or B-fields,
B-fields, aa person
person
can
can select
select only
only those
those ions
ions with
with the
the desired
desired
velocity.
velocity.

Example 2. A lithium ion, q = +1.6 x 1016

C, is projected through a velocity
selector where B = 20 mT. The E-field is
6
adjusted to select
a
velocity
of
1.5
x
10
Source
m/s. What is theof electric
+field E?
+q

EE
vv
BB

E = vB

x x x
x x x
x x

+
vq

E = (1.5 x 106 m/s)(20 x 10-3

T);

4
EE =
= 3.00
3.00 xx 10
104
V/m
V/m

Circular Motion in B-field

The
The magnetic
magnetic force
force FF on
on aa moving
moving charge
charge is
is
always
always perpendicular
perpendicular to
to its
its velocity
velocity v.
v. Thus,
Thus, aa
charge
charge moving
moving in
in aa B-field
B-field will
will experience
experience aa
centripetal
force.
centripetal
force.
2
mv
Centripetal Fc =
FC
; FB qvB;
X X F
X X X
R
+
B
2
mv
X X X RX X

FC FB

The
The radius
radius
of
of path
path is:
is:

qvB

mv
RR mv
qB
qB

+X

+
X

+ X

Fc

Mass Spectrometer
Ions passed through
a velocity selector
xx
at known velocity
Photographic
- xx
emerge into a
plate
xx
R
magnetic field as
xx
mvradius
shown. The
x x x x x x x x
is: R qB
slit x x x x x x x x
+q

E
v
B
+

x x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x

mv 2
qvB
R

m1

m2

The mass is found by

measuring the
radius R:
qBR

mm qBR
vv

Example 3. A Neon ion, q = 1.6 x 10-19 C,

follows a path of radius 7.28 cm. Upper
and lower B = 0.5 T and E = 1000 V/m.
What
is its
E mass?
+q
slit

xx
B Photographic
+
x
plate
x
R
xx
xx x x x x x x
xx x x x x x
x x x x x x x
x
x x x x x m
x
x x x
x

E 1000 V/m
v
B
0.5 T
v = 2000
m/s

mv
R
qB

(1.6 x 10-19C)(0.5 T)(0.0728 m)

m
2000 m/s

qBR
mm qBR
vv

-24
m
m=
= 2.91
2.91 xx 10
10-24
kg
kg

Summary
The
The direction
direction of
of forces
forces on
on aa charge
charge moving
moving in
in an
an
electric
electric field
field can
can be
be determined
determined by
by the
the right-hand
right-hand
rule
rule for
for positive
positive charges
charges and
and by
by the
the left-hand
left-hand rule
rule
for
for negative
negative charges.
charges.
Righthand rule
for
positive q

B
v

Left-hand
rule for
negative
q

B
v

Summary (Continued)
F
v sin

For a charge moving in

a B-field, the
magnitude of the force
is given by:

B
v

F = qvB sin

Summary (Continued)
The
velocity
selector:
E

E
vv
BB

The mass
spectrometer:

mv
R
qB

qBR
mm qBR
vv

+
+
q
v

x x x
x x x
x x

+ xx
q- x +
slit

x
xx
xx x
xx x
x x
x x

E
v
B
R
x
x
x
x
x

x x x
x x x
x x x
m
x x x
x

CONCLUSION: Chapter 29
Magnetic Fields