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MANAGEMENT
By : Zaid Alturki , Yazeed Almalki and
Muhammed AbaAlkhail
:Contents
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Co-morbidity.
Assessment (Hx, Ex, Invest.)
Treatment.
DEFINITION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
Multifactorial disorder
Genetics:
Polygenic.
It has been long known that
the tendency to gain weight
runs in families.
However, family members
share not only genes but
also diet and life style habits
that may contribute to
obesity.
morbid obesity has a
stronger genetic component
than moderate level of
excess overweight
Energy imbalance.
Diet ( increase Food especially
Fatty diets) major cause of Obesity.
Exercises (Link between physical
inactivity and weight gain).
ETIOLOGY
Medical causes:
Hypothyroidism.
Cushings syndrome.
Polycystic ovarian syndrome.
Hypothalamic insufficiency.
pancreatic insulinoma.
Medications:
causes:
Major depression.
Binge eating disorders
CO-MORBIDITY
Diabetes (Type 2)
Hypertension
Osteoarthritis (OA).
Sleep Apnea.
..OTHERS
Cancers (breast,prostste,liver,gallbladder).
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS).
Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI) & Deep Vein
Thrombosis (DVT).
Gout.
abdominal hernias.
Polycystic ovarian syndrome and infertility.
Low back pain.
Stroke
Abdominal obesity appears to predict the
risk of stroke in men.
Headache
HISTORY
Examination
:EXAMINATION
Vital signs.
General examination.
Thyroid.
Signs of Organo Megally. e.g. liver (liver span )
Heart and lung sounds.
Mild hirsutism in women Poly Cystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS ---increase weight because of insulin resistance).
BMI
BMI provides a measure based on
height and weight that applies to both
adult men and women.
BMI =
BMI Range
Weight
Classification
Risk of Illness
Underweight
Increased
18.5 24.9
Ideal weight
Normal
25 29.9
Overweight
Increased
30 39.9
Obese
High
40 50
Morbid obese
Very high
50 Or greater
Super obese
Extremely high
WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE
It is Important to note that waist circumference is
measured at the level of the iliac crest.
Excess abdominal fat is clinically defined as a waist
circumference of
* >40 inches (>102 cm) in men
*of>35 inches (>88 cm) in women.
central (visceral) adiposity carry a greater health risk
than peripheral adiposity.
For this reason, the measurement of the waist
circumference in centimeters can be a useful indicator of
clinical risk, particularly for hypertension, diabetes, or
dyslipidaemia.
Investigations
??Why
:LABORATORY DATA
Baseline
Biochemical profile.
Full blood count.
Fasting lipid profile.
TREATMENT OF OBESITY
2-surgical Rx:
Gastric banding.
Gastric bypass.
Sleeve gastrectomy.
Behavior
mod.
Pharma
Therapy
Endoscpic Surgical
Balloon
Therapy
25-26.9
Yes*
No
No
No
27-29.9
Yes*
Yes*
No
No
30-34.9
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
35-39.9
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
40 or
more
Yes
Yes
Yes*
Yes
:BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION
Identify the circumstances that trigger eating.
Grocery shopping with a pre planned list.
Do nothing else while eating (watch TV or read
magazines).
Eat slowly.
Follow a balanced diet.
:DIET
Balanced,
low-calorie diets.
Very low-calorie diets. ( No carbohydrates)
Low-fat diets.
Low-carbohydrate diets.
Midlevel diets.
:EXERCISE
30-60 minutes of continuous aerobic exercise 5-7 times per week to lose
weight
30-60 minutes of continuous aerobic exercise 3-5 times per week to
prevent long term weight regain.
:PHARMACOTHERAPY
2- Orlistat.
Sibutramine
*Appetite suppressant
*Serotonin & norepinephrine
uptake inhibition.
*Side effect: Tachycardia,
Hypertension & Insomnia.
*weight loss 5%to 10%.
Orlistat
*Potent inhibitor of lipase activity
*Side effect: Oily stools, bloating&
increase flatulence.
*weight loss 10%.
INTRA-GASTRIC BALLOON
Contraindications:
A BMI< 30 .
Complications:
Severe nausea.
Dehydration.
Balloon deflation.
Migration.
Erosion.
Obstruction.
SURGICAL INTERVENTION
Criteria
Cause
Results In
The Subject is less hungry
most of the time.
Early satiety for longer
periods.
Consumption of smaller
portions.
Advantages
50%
Digestive
Nausea, vomiting.
obstruction .
Constipation.
Dysphagia.
Diarrhoea.
Its A Combination of
restrictive &
malabsorptive operations.
The most common
performed bariatric
procedure in the United
States.
Functions by creating a
small proximal gastric
pouch with
gastrojejunostomy.
Benefits:
Complications:
Anastomotic leakage
Rapid weight loss.
&stricture.
60% to 70% loss of excess body
Dumping syndrome.
weight.
Nutritional deficiencies. ( B12
10% more by exercise.
,EDAK )
Gallstones
Complications of
abdominal Surgery.
Sleeve Gastrectomy
Advantages:
Increase in satiety.
Stomach functions
normally.
No dumping syndrome
(the pyloric portion of the
stomach is left intact).
No foreign body usage.
Simpler and less operative
time.
complications:
Leakages & Infection along
the staple line.
GERD.
Gallstones.
postoperative gastric fistula.
In summary
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