Patterns: Relationships

Among Ideas
By Group VII:
1. Istiqomah Ramadhani/
2. DesyJumiarti/1201033
3. Silvia Wulandari/

PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION
The details of a paragraph, paragraphs within
an essay, events within a short story, or sections
within a textbook often fit a pattern. If you can
recognize the pattern, you will find it easier to
remember the content.
Use patterns to increase your reading
efficiency.

How to recognize patterns of

text to improve recall:
Which of the following example would be easier to
remember:
876-5432
792-6538
After you pass two signals turn left. Then pass two
more signals, and turn right. Next, pass two more
signals and turn left.
After you pass two streets, turn left. Then after you
pass three more streets, turn right. Next, pass one
more street, and turn right.
Thus, the items are easier to remember if they are
related in some way.

Common Organizational Patterns

Chronological Order (time order or

sequence of events)
Comparison/Contrast
Cause-Effect
Enumeration
Problem solution
Mixed patterns

Chronological Order
Items are listed in the time order in which they
occurred or in a specifically planned order in
which they must develop. In both cases, order
is important, and changing it would change the
meaning.see pgs. 199-200.
Signal words often used for chronological
order: first, second, third, before, after, until,
next, at last, later, etc.see p. 201.
Even before he meets the three witches,
Macbeth dreams of becoming King of
Scotland. Then the witches predict he will be
king; finally, his wife convinces him to murder
King Duncan and take over the county.

Patterns of Organization--Time-Order
Even before he meets the three witches,
Macbeth dreams of becoming King of Scotland.
Then the three witches predict he will be king.
Finally the queen convinces him to murder
King Duncan and take over the country.

Chronological Order Patterns of Organization

Usually, events are presented in the order in which
they happen.
Arrange the following group of sentences into an order
that makes sense.
____By 1960 the number of TV sets in the country had
risen above 50 million.
____After eight years, there were a million TV sets
in the United States.
____Interest in television grew rapidly when broadcasting began in 1941.
____By 1994 there were over 211 million TV sets
American homes.

Comparison-Contrast

Cause-Effect

Enumeration

Patterns of Organization
Addition or List of Items
Arrange the sentences below into a logical
paragraph.
__A Third reaction to danger used by opossums is to
bluff their way out of a tight spot by hissing and
baring their teeth.
__The opossum reacts to danger in one of several
ways.
__First, some varieties of opossum spray
unpleasant odors.
__Opossums are very likely to run away from
danger.
__Finally, the best-known opossum defense is to
play dead by entering into a coma-like state
brought on by fear.

Arrange the sentences below into a logical

paragraph.
_1_The opossum reacts to danger in one of several
ways.
2__First, some varieties of opossum spray
unpleasant odors.
_3_Opossums are very likely to run away from
danger.
_4_A Third reaction to danger used by opossums is
to bluff their way out of a tight spot by hissing and
baring their teeth.
_5_Finally, the best-known opossum defense is to
play dead by entering into a coma-like state
brought on by fear.

Problem-Solution

Mixed Patterns
Many texts contain sections and passages that
combine one or more of the organizational patterns.
For instance, in listing characteristics of a newly
developed computer program, an author may
explain it by comparing it to similar existing
Programs.
When reading mixed patterns, focus on one of the
Patterns and use it to guide your reading. Choose
the most obvious or predominant pattern.
pgs.218-219

Transitions

Transitions are words or

phrases that show the
relationships between ideas.
Two major types of
transitions are words that
show addition and words
that show time.
Pgs. 149-150

THANK YOU