Definicion: La soldadura es el proceso de conectar piezas de metal entre si por

medio de la aplicacin de calor, ya sea con presin o sin presin.

El tipo de soldadura mas comn en trabajos de acero estructural es la de fusin
(mtodo para conectar piezas por medio de metal fundido). Se sujeta un
alambre o varilla especial a un calor intenso en su extremo (1480 C) generando
que esta se funda y deposite sobre el metal base, el cual se funde localmente y
se une al metal depositado formando una conexin soldada
Procesos precalificados:
precalificados
Soldadura de arco metlico protegido (SMAW)
Soldadura de arco metlico sumergido (SAW)
Soldadura de arco metlico con gas (GMAW)
Soldadura de arco con ncleo fundente (FCAW)

W-1

Soldadura de arco elctrico

El calor se genera por medio de un arco elctrico formado entre un electrodo de
acero y las partes que se van a soldar. El calor del arco funde simultneamente el
metal base y el electrodo, y el campo electromagntico conduce el metal fundido
de la varilla de soldadura (electrodo) hacia el metal base, mientras que el
operador mueve el electrodo, manual o automticamente, a lo largo de la
soldadura con una velocidad adecuada y depositando la cantidad necesaria de
metal de aportacin.

W-1

Soldadura de arco elctrico

W-1

1 Soldadura de arco metalico protegido( Shielded Metal Arc Weld)

(SMAW):
La mas comn de las tcnicas de soldadura
Los electrodos estn recubiertos con ciertos compuestos minerales y
parte de estos se funden formando:
Atmosfera gaseosa protectora alrededor del arco metlico (estabiliza
el arco y protege de los gases atmosfricos)
Una capa fluida de escoria de menor densidad que el metal fundido,
sube a la superficie, retardando la rapidez de enfriamiento del metal
de soldadura y protegindolo de una exposicin indeseable a los
gases atmosfricos.

W-2

Soldadura
de
arco
metalico
protegido( Shielded Metal Arc Weld) (SMAW):

W-2

2 Soldadura de arco sumergido (SAW):

Es un proceso automtico en que el arco esta cubierto por un
montculo de material granular fundible. Un electrodo metlico
desnudo es alimentado desde un carrete, es fundido y depositado
como material de relleno. El electrodo, la funde potencia y una
tolva de fundente estn unidos aun bastidor que se coloca sobre
rodillos y se mueve a cierta velocidad conforme se forma el cordn
de soldadura

W-3

2 Soldadura de arco sumergido (SAW):

Submerged arc welding (SAW)

W-3

A A tope:
Requires full penetration groove welding, but it
eliminates eccentricity and more pleasant to view.
Suitable for shop welding.

B De traslape:
Is the most common, due to ease of fitting, requires
fillet weld, and can be double-sided.

C Junta en T:
Useful for fabricating
Built-up sections

D DE esquina:E De borde:-

W-6

A) Soldaduar de preparacion (tope):

Se usan siempre cuando las partes a conectar estn alineadas en el
mismo plano, tambin se pueden usar en juntas en T

W-7

A) Soldaduar de preparacion (tope):

W-7

B) Soldadura de filete:
Se usan en juntas de traslape, en T y de Esquina

W-7

C) Soldadura de ranura:
They can be used in
addition to fillet welds when more
areas of weld are required.
D) Soldadura de muesca:
Same as above

W-8

W-9

W-10

El rea efectiva de la soldadura a tope ser determinado como el producto de la

longitud efectiva de la soldadura por el espesor efectivo de garganta.

Aw = te Lw

{AISC J 2.1.1a. Page 16.1-93}

where:
Aw = rea efectiva de la soldadura.
te = Espesor efectivo de la garganta.
Lw = Longitud efectiva.
t1

t2

te = t

te = t1
El espesor efectivo de garganta de una soldadura a tope con penetracin
parcial ser el indicado en la Tabla,(table J 2.1 Page 16.1 -44)
El espesor efectivo de garganta de una soldadura a tope de forma
acampanada,
W-11

Fillet welds are assumed to have a cross section of 45 right triangle, as

shown. The size of the weld is the leg of the triangle, Denoted as ( w). The failure
plane (the weakest section) is along the throat of the weld, denoted as
(t); Where (t = 0.707 w). The length of the weld (L)
is the length of the shear plane along the weld.
Effective Area of Fillet Welds:
Aw = te Lw
where,
Aw = Effective area of weld.
te = Effective throat thickness = 0.707 w
Lw = Effective Length of weld.
W-12

1 Minimum Size of Fillets Welds :

2 Maximum Size of Fillets Welds :

W-13

3 Minimum Effective Length of Fillet Welds :

W-14

Select a suitable fillet weld size for the connection shown below:
Solution :Maximum weld size
For thick plate:
t

1 1 1
7
in.
16 2 16 16

Minimum weld size for

the 1 thick plate

5
in.
16

Select a weld size in - between

3
in.
8

Note : Maximum weld size controlled by thin plate,

Minimum weld size controlled by thick plate.

W-15

W-16

1 Strength of Groove welds :

The strength of full penetration groove weld is superior
to that of the base metal, if matching filler is selected
(Page W-15).
The Nominal strength of weld per one inch length (Rnw)
is based on yielding of base metal rather than on weld
material:
Rnw = te Fy

(Tension or Compression)

Rnw = te (0.6 Fy)

(Shear)

where : te = effective thickness of weld.

Fy = yield stress of base metal.

W-17

2 Strength of Fillet Welds :

The strength of fillet welds are always controlled by shear on the
weld plane or shear on the base metal.
Thus:
Rnw = te (0.6 FEXX) weld metal.
or
Rnw = t (0.6 Fu) base metal.
where:
Rnw = Resistance (strength) of weld per one inch length.
te = Effective throat thickness of weld.
t

= Thickness of the base metal.

FEXX = Ultimate tensile strength of electrode.

Fu

= Ultimate tensile strength of metal.

W-18

In general :
Rn i Qi
For Welds :
Rnw Ru
where : Ru factored load per unit length of weld.

1 Groove Welds (Full penetration):

A Tension or compression (Table J2.5)
R nw 0.90 t e Fy

base material

R nw 0.90 t e Fyw weld material

B Shear on Effective Area (Table J 2.5)

Rnw 0.90 t e y
0.90 t e (0.6 Fy )

base material

Rnw 0.90 t e (0.6 FEXX ) weld material

W-19

2 Fillet Welds
The design strength per unit length of fillet weld is based on the
shear resistance through the effective throat of the weld (Table J2.5):R nw 0.75 t e (0.6 FEXX )

weld material

0.45 t e FEXX

but should not be greater than the shear capacity of the base metal:

R nw 0.75 t (0.6 Fu )
0.45 t Fu

base material

(J4.2)

where:
te

= Effective throat thickness.

FEXX = Tensile strength of electrode.

t
Fu

= Thickness of the base metal.

= Tensile strength of metal

W-20

Example W-2:
Calculate the capacity of the connection shown below, considering
E70XX weld and (A-36) bare metal?
Solution:1) Check weld size :Minimum weld size = 1/8 in (Table J.2.4)
Maximum weld size = - 1/16 = 3/16 in
size is ok.

3
te 0.707w 0.707 x
0.133 in.
16

2) Capacity of weld :-

R nw 0.75 t e (0.6 FEXX )

0.75 x 0.133 x 0.6 x 70
4.2 kips/in.

(controls)

W-21

3)

Capacity of base metal :-

R nw 0.75 t (0.6 Fu )
1
x 0.6 x 58
4
6.5 kips/in.
0.75 x

4) Capacity of Connection:-

Rn

Rnw x L
4.2 x 8
33.4 kips/in.
W-22

Example W-3:
Select a plate thickness and design a full penetration weld
(A 572 Grade 50 steel) SAW process?
DL = 12k

Solution:
1)

Pu = 1.2 12 + 1.6 60 = 110 kips.

2)

Determine required thickness of plate:

Pu

6"
LL = 60k

Tn = 0.9 Fy Ag = 0.9 50 6 t = 270 t (controls)

or

Tn = 0.75 Fu Ae = 0.75 65 6 t =292.5 t

3)

110
7

0.41in say
inch thick .
270
16

Select electrode from matching table F7XX-EXXX (F EXX = 70 ksi)

t required

No check required for groove welds.

W-23

Example W-4:
Design the size and length of Fillet weld for the lap joint shown below,
Use SMAW E 70XX process, plates are A-36 steel ?

Solution:
Factored load = 1.2 x 25 + 1.6 x 70 = 142 kips.
Minimum weld size = inch (AISC table J 2.4)
Maximum weld size = 5/8 1/16 = 9/16 (AISC 2 2b Page 95).
Select size (5/16 inch) since you can get it in a single pass.
te = 0.707 x 5/16 = 0.22 inch

W-24

continued:
Weld capacity per inch = Rnw = 0.75 te (0.6 FEXX)

1)

= 0.75 x 0.22 x 0.6 x 70

`
2)

= 6.96 kips per inch (controls)

Plate shear-rupture

= Rnw = t (0.6Fu)
= 0.75 x 0.625 x 0.6 x 58
= 16.3 kips per inch

3)

Total length of weld required:

Pu
142
Lw

20.4inches
Rnw 6.90
Use weld around plate as shown.
(Use three sides of 7 inch each = 21 inch).
W-25

Angles are eccentric in carrying axial loads as their center of gravity

x, or y are denoted by their properties. But we can balance the weld
To comply with the angle center of gravity (CG).
M A 0

T y F1 d F2 d2 0
T y F2
F1

d
2

Since (F2) is known (Leg length x weld capacity),

Then (F1) is found, also:
F3 = T F1 F2

W-26

Example W-5
Design a balanced weld for angle
shown below, (A 572-Gr 50 steel)
and SMAW process specified
Solution:
1) Section capacity:
Tn = 0.90 Fy Ay = 0.9 x 50 x 3.61 = 162 kips
or

Tn = 0.75 Fu Ae = 0.75 x 65 x 0.85 x 3.61 = 150 kips (controls).

2) Steel weld size:

Minimum weld size = 3/16 inch (Table J2.4)
3
5
1

inch.
Maximum weld size = 8 16
16
Use inch fillet weld with E 70XX electrodes.
te = 0.707 x = 0.177 inch.

W-27

contd.
3) Evaluate weld capacity:
Rnw = te (0.6 FEXX) = 0.75 x 0.177 x 0.6 x 70
= 5.57 kips per inch. (controls)
or
Rnw = t (0.6 Fu) = 0.75 x 0.375 x 0.6 x 65
= 11 kips per inch.
4) Determine weld length required:
F2 = Rnw Lw
= 5.57 x 6 = 33.4 kips

150 1.94 33.4 3

31.8 kips.
6
6
F3 T F1 F2 150 33.4 31.8 84.8 kips.

F1

31.8
5.7 inch.
5.57
84.8

15.2 inch.
5.57

L w1
L w3

W-28

Eccentric shear welded connection are popular for column

brackets supporting gantry crane loadings or mezzanine floors. The
connection below produces (shear + torsion) on the weld. The
LRFD method for (shear + torsion) is both difficult and lengthy, A
more conservative elastic vector analysis method is allowed by
AISC:

W-29

The
eccentric
load
is
transferred to the centroid of the weld
group. The transferred load shall
~ ~ ~
consist of a load P
plus
Px Py
a moment (Mz = Pe), where:

Py
1 inch

e = eccentrity.
The actual weld thickness
resisting shear and torsion forces is
(0.707w), but for simplicity, we
consider effective throat
thickness = 1.0 inch.
From direct shear only (due to P):-

M=Pe
Px

P
L
P
x
L
Py

f1
f1x
f1y

W-30

The transferred moment (M) causes additional shear stresses

depending on the critical locations of the weld (far edges of the weld).

M .d
f2
J

where:
M = moment due to eccentricity = (P.e)
d = distance to the farthest weld point .
J = Polar moment of inertia.
where:

J r 2 dA
A

x 2 y 2 dA
A

x 2 dA y 2 dA
A

I xx I yy

This can be vector analyzed to:

My
f 2x
J
Mx
f 2y
J

W-31

Once these four stress components are evaluated for an

extreme point of the weld. They can be added vectorially:

f x f1 x f 2 x
f y f1 y f 2 y
fv ( f x )2 ( f y )2
Then the strength of 1 inch wide weld is evaluated as:
Fv = 0.707 w x 1 x (0.6 FEXX)

fv
required w
0.707 (0.6 FEXX )
W-32

Example W-6
Determine the size of the weld required
for the bracket shown. A-36 steel is
used, SMAW process?
Solution:
2x8x4
2.286 inch
12 8 8
M P.e 60 x (10 5.714) 942.8 k in.
x

1 x(12)3
Ixx
8x(6)2 8x(6)2
12
144 288 288 720 in 4
1x(8)3
2
Iyy (1x12)(2.286) 2
1 8 (1.714) 195.0 in4
12

J Ixx Iyy 720 195 915 in4 .

W-33

Example (W-6) - Continued

f 1x 0
f 1y

(no horizontal forces).

60
60

2.143 ksi
1x(8 8 12) 28

By inspection points (A $ B) are more critical than points (B & C);

Take point (A):
M y 942.8 6
(f 2x )A

6.181 ksi
J
915
M x 942.8 5.714
(f 2y )A

5.886 ksi
J
915

f v (f 2x )A2 (f 1y f 2y )A2
(6.181)2 (2.143 5.886)2
10.131 ksi

W-34

Example (W-6) - Continued

w req.
Select

w req

fv

0.707 1 0.6 FEXX

E70XX as given by matching table.

10.131

0.455 inch
0.75 0.707 1 0.6 70

Use inch weld size

Since

9
1 1
maximum weld size

/ 2 inch
16 16
3
minimum weld size inch (t f 1.9 / 16 inch)
8

W-35