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10/28/2008
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Notes:
Thanks!
Tony Chen
College of DuPage
Cisco Networking Academy
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Objectives
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Ethernet cables:
Cross-over cable: RED cable
Roll-over cable: flat cables
Straight cable: all other cables
http://www.csdata.com/csdonline/customer/home.php
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Serial Connectors
DTE
DCE
DCE
DTE
DCE
DTE
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Interfaces
Examining Router Interfaces
-Show IP router command used to view routing table
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Interfaces
Configuring an Ethernet interface
-By default all serial and Ethernet interfaces are down
-To enable an interface use the No Shutdown command
The show ip route
command is used to
display the routing table.
Initially, the routing table is
empty if no interfaces have
been configured.
Static routes and dynamic
routes will not be added to
the routing table until the
appropriate local interfaces
have been configured on
the router.
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Line protocol is down means, in this case, that the interface is not receiving a carrier signal from
a switch or the hub. This condition may also be due to the fact that the interface is in shutdown
mode
You will notice that the show interfaces command does not show any IP addresses on R1's
interfaces. The reason for this is because we have not yet configured IP addresses on any of the
interfaces.
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Interfaces
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Interfaces
Verifying Ethernet interface
-Show interfaces fastEthernet 0/0
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Interfaces
Reading the Routing Table
172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
Having a single route represent an entire
network of host IP addresses makes the
routing table smaller, with fewer routes,
which results in faster routing table
lookups.
It means that this route matches all
packets with a destination address
belonging to this network.
The routing table could contain all 254
individual host IP addresses for the
172.16.3.0/24 network, but that is an
inefficient way of storing addresses.
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Interfaces
Verifying Ethernet interface
show interfaces fastethernet 0/0
show ip interface brief
The show interfaces fastethernet 0/0 command in
the figure now shows
The interface is up, and the line protocol is up. The
no shutdown command changed the interface from
administratively down to up.
Notice that the IP address is now displayed.
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Interfaces
Configuring a Serial interface
-Enter interface configuration mode
-Enter in the ip address and subnet mask
-Enter in the no shutdown command
Example:
-R1(config)#interface serial 0/0/0
-R1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0
-R1(config-if)#no shutdown
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Interfaces
R1(config)#interface serial 0/0/0
R1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#no shutdown
R2(config)#interface serial 0/0/0
R2(config-if)#ip address 172.16.2.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no shutdown
There is no requirement that both ends of the serial link use the same interface, (0/0/0, 0/0/1,
0/1/0, 0/1/1, .)
in this case, Serial 0/0/0. However, because both interfaces are members of the same network,
they both must have IP addresses that belong to the 172.16.2.0/24 network.
If we now issue the show interfaces serial 0/0/0 command on either router, we still see that the
link is up/down.
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Interfaces
Step 1
Nothing is configured
Step 2
Setup IP but not no shut
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Step 3
Setup no shut
Step 4
Configured the clock rate
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Interfaces
For serial links that are directly interconnected, as in a
lab environment, one side of a connection must be
considered a DCE and provide a clocking signal.
You can also distinguish DTE from DCE
1) by looking at the connector between the two cables.
The DTE cable has a male connector, whereas the DCE
cable has a female connector.
2) If a cable is connected between the two routers, you
can use the show controllers command to determine
which end of the cable is attached to that interface.
R1#show controllers serial 0/0/0
Interface Serial0/0/0
Hardware is PowerQUICC MPC860
DCE V.35, no clock
<output omitted>
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Interfaces
Once the cable is attached, the clock can now be set with
the clock rate command.
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Testing
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POP Quiz:
Can R1 ping R2?
Can PC1 ping PC2?
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5
Never use the debug all command on the production router.
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Disable debug ip
routing by using
either the undebug
ip routing command
or the undebug all
command.
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POP Quiz:
Why
pings
failed?
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Layer 2 neighbors
CDP operates at Layer 2 only. Therefore, CDP
neighbors are Cisco devices that are directly connected
physically and share the same data link.
R1 and S1 are CDP neighbors.
R1 and R2 are CDP neighbors.
R2 and S2 are CDP neighbors.
R2 and R3 are CDP neighbors.
R3 and S3 are CDP neighbors.
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Static Routes
A router can learn about remote networks in one of two ways:
Manually, from configured static routes
Automatically, from a dynamic routing protocol
Dynamic routing protocols are introduced in the next chapter.
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Static Routes
IP route command
To configure a static route use the following command: ip route
Example:
-Router(config)# ip route network-address subnetmask {ip-address | exit-interface }
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Chicago
OHare
Los
Angeles
OHare
2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Static Routes
Remember R1 knows about its directly
connected networks.
These are the routes currently in its
routing table.
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Static Routes
R1(config)#ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2
Dissecting static route syntax
ip route - Static route command
172.16.1.0 Destination network address
255.255.255.0 - Subnet mask of destination
network
172.16.2.2 - Serial 0/0/0 interface IP address
on R2, which is the "next-hop" to this network
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Static Routes
R1(config)#ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2
show ip route output
S - Routing table code for static route
172.16.1.0 - Network address for the route
/24 - Subnet mask for this route; this is
displayed in the line above, known as the parent
route, and discussed in Chapter 8
[1/0] - Administrative distance and metric for
the static route (explained in a later chapter)
via 172.16.2.2 - IP address of the next-hop
router, the IP address of R2's Serial 0/0/0
interface
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Static Routes
Configuring routes to 2 or more remote networks
Use the following commands for R1
-R1(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
172.16.2.2
-R1(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0
172.16.2.2
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Static Routes
Zinins 3 routing principles
Principle 1: "Every router makes its decision alone, based on the information it has
in its own routing table.
R1 has three static routes in its routing table and makes forwarding decisions
based solely upon the information in the routing table.
R1 does not consult the routing tables in any other routers.
Making each router aware of remote networks is the responsibility of the network
administrator.
Principle 2: "The fact that one router has certain information in its routing table does
not mean that other routers have the same information.
The network administrator would be responsible for ensuring that the next-hop
router also has a route to this network
Using Principle 2, we still need to configure the proper routing on the other
routers (R2 and R3) to make sure that they have routes to these three networks.
Principle 3: "Routing information about a path from one network to another does not
provide routing information about the reverse, or return path.
Most of the communication over networks is bidirectional. This means that
packets must travel in both directions between the end devices involved.
Using Principle 3 as guidance, we will configure proper static routes on the other
routers to make sure they have routes back to the 172.16.3.0/24 network.
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Static Routes
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Answer:
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192.1.1.0/27
192.1.1.32/27
192.1.1.64/28
192.1.1.80/28
192.1.1.96/29
192.1.1.104/29
192.1.1.112/29
192.1.1.120/29
Answer:
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Summary Route
Configuring a summary route
Step 1: Delete the current static route
R3(config)#no ip route 172.16.1.0
255.255.255.0 serial0/0/1
R3(config)#no ip route 172.16.2.0
255.255.255.0 serial0/0/1
R3(config)#no ip route 172.16.3.0
255.255.255.0 serial0/0/1
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Summary Route
Static routes and subnet masks
The routing table lookup process will use the most specific match
when comparing destination IP address and subnet mask
For example, what if we had the following two static routes in the
routing table
172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets
S 172.16.1.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0 and
S 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1
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Default Route
Default Static Route
This is a route that will match all packets.
Like route summarization this will help reduce
the size of the routing table
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Layer 2
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Summary
Routers
-Operate at layer 3
-Functions include best path selection & forwarding packets
Connecting Networks
WANs
Serial cables are connected to router serial ports.
In the lab environment clock rates must be configured for
DCE
LANs
Straight through cables or cross over cables are used to
connect to fastethernet port. (The type of cable used
depends on what devices are being connected)
Cisco Discovery Protocol
A layer 2 proprietary protocol
Used to discover information about directly connected Cisco devices
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Summary
Static Routes
-This is a manually configured path that specifies how the router will get to a
certain point using a certain path.
Summary static routes
-This is several static routes that have been condensed into a single static
route.
Default route
-It is the route packets use if there is no other possible match for their
destination in the routing table.
Forwarding of packets when static route is used
-Zinins 3 routing principles describe how packets are forwarded
Troubleshooting static routes may require some of the following commands:
-Ping
-Traceroute
-Show IP route
-Show ip interface brief
-Show cdp neighbors detail
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