Angle Modulation

Module outcome
After this module, you should be able to:
Describe and explain the differences between AM

and angle modulation schemes and advantages

and disadvantages of each.
Describe and explain the differences between
frequency and phase modulation and show the
relationship between the two.

Introduction
Three parameters can modulated with information signal
Amplitude
Frequency
Phase

Phase and frequency changes are related, so we group

them together in term angle modulation

Introduction

In FM, frequency of modulated signal varies with

amplitude of baseband signal.

In PM, phase of modulated signal varies with amplitude
of baseband signal.
In angle modulation amplitude of carrier signal doesnt
change with modulation.

Introduction
FM is more familiar in our daily life:
Radio broadcast
Sound signal in TV
Mobile radio system
Satellite communications
Cellular telephone systems.

PM is less familiar and mostly used in data communication

Basic Definitions

Let the unmodulated carrier a sinusoidal waveform,

s (t ) Ec sin 2 f c t 0
Ec sin (t )
(t ) 2 f c t 0

for simplicity we consider 0 = 0.

There are two methods to vary the angle linearly with

message signal
Frequency modulation (FM)
Phase modulation (PM)

Frequency Modulation (FM)

In FM, frequency of modulated signal varies with

amplitude of baseband signal.

f sig (t ) f c k f em (t )
f c f
fsig(t) = signal frequency as a function of time
fc = unmodulated carrier frequency
kf = frequency sensitivity of modulator in hertz per volt
em(t) = modulating signal
f = instantaneous frequency deviation
7

Frequency Modulation (FM)

If the modulating signal is a sine wave
em (t ) Em sin m t

then

f sig (t ) f c k f Em sin m t

The peak frequency deviation (Hz) will be

k f Em
Thus, frequency deviation is
f sig (t ) f c sin m t

Frequency Modulation (FM)

Modulation Index
Modulation index mf for sine wave is
mf

k f Em
fm

fm

mf has no theoretical limits and can exceeds one.

The frequency deviation formula can be rewritten as
f sig (t ) f c m f f m sin m t

Frequency Modulation (FM)

Waveform
f sig (t ) f c k f Em sin m t

Maximum
+ deviation

10

Frequency Modulation (FM)

Example
An FM modulator has kf = 30 kHz/V and operates at a

carrier frequency of 175 MHz. Find the output frequency

for an instantaneous value of the modulating signal equal
to: a) 150 mV b) 2V
(a) f sig 175 106 Hz 30 103 Hz / V 150 10 -3V
175.0045 106 Hz 175.0045MHz

(b) f sig 175 106 Hz 30 103 Hz / V -2V

174.94 106 Hz 174.94 MHz

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Frequency Modulation (FM)

Example
The same FM modulator as in previous example is
modulated with 3 V sine wave. Calculate the peak
frequency deviation

Solution: ac voltages are assumed RMS unless otherwise

stated
Em 3 2
4.24V

k f Em
30kHz / V 4.24V
127.2kHz
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Frequency Modulation (FM)

Example
An FM broadcast transmitter operates at its maximum
deviation of 75 kHz. Find the modulation index for
sinusoidal modulating signal with frequency of : (a) 15
kHz (b) 50 Hz
mf

75kHz

5.00
f m 15kHz

75 103 Hz
mf

1500
fm
50 Hz

13

Phase Modulation (PM)

In PM, (t) is varied linearly with the message signal m(t)

(t ) 2 f c t k p em (t )
c k p em (t )
c = 2fct is the angle of the unmodulated carrier.
kp is the phase sensitivity of the modulator, expressed in radian
per volt.

PM signal in the time domain is

s(t ) Ec cos 2 f c t k p em (t )
14

Phase Modulation
If modulation signal is a sinusoidal one, phase of the

modulated carrier is given by

(t ) c k p Em sin m t
= c (t )
(t) is the phase deviation in radian

The

peak phase deviation is defined as phase

modulation index, given as
m p k p Em (rad)

15

Phase Modulation
Example
A phase modulator has kp = 2 rad/V. What RMS voltage of

a sine wave would cause a peak phase deviation of 600?

m p k p Em
Em

mp
kp

VRMS

V peak
2

/ 3 rad
2rad / V

0.524
2

0.524V

0.37V

16

Relationships between FM and PM

With FM, the instantaneous frequency is
f sig (t ) f c k f em (t )

Since

(t ) 2 f sig (t )dt
0

(t ) 2 f c k f em (t ) dt 2 f c t 2 k f em ( )d

The FM signal is therefore

s (t ) Ec sin 2 f c t 2 k f em ( )d
0

17

Relationships between FM and PM

The FM signal in time domain is given by

s (t ) Ec sin 2 f c t 2 k f em ( )d
0

= Ec sin 2 f c t k p em (t )

Recalling PM signal in time domain

s (t ) Ec sin 2 f c t k p em (t )

Thus, FM signal may be regarded as a PM signal in which

t

em (t ) em ( )d
0

18

Relationships between FM and PM

Conversely, a PM signal can be generated by first

differentiating em(t) and then using the result as the input

to a frequency modulator.
f sig (t ) f c k f

dem (t )
dt

(t ) 2 f sig (t )dt 2 f c t 2 k f em (t )
0

2 f c t k p em (t )

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Relationships between PM and FM

We may thus deduce all the properties of PM signals

from those of FM signals and vice versa.

Henceforth, we concentrate our attention on FM signals.

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Relationship between mf and mp

Either FM or PM results in changes in both frequency and

phase of modulated waveform.

For angle-modulated signal with sine wave, mp or mf
represent peak phase deviation from the phase of
unmodulated carrier.

21

Relationship between mf and mp

Example

An FM communications transmitter has maximum

frequency deviation of 5 kHz and a range of modulating

frequencies from 300 Hz to 3 kHz. What is the maximum
phase shift that it produces?

mf
fm
max m f

5000

16.7rad
fm
300

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Relationship between mf and mp

Example

A phase modulator has a sensitivity of kp= 3 rad/V.

Find the maximum frequency deviation it produces

with a sine-wave input of 2 V peak at frequency of 1
kHz?
(t ) k p Em sin m t
m p max k p Em
3rad / V 2V 6rad

max m p m f
m f f m 6 1kHz 6kHz
fm

23

FM Spectrum
FM is nonlinear modulation so its spectrum is not related

in a simple manner to that of modulating signal.

To simplify FM spectral analysis we proceed in the
following manner:
First,

we consider single-tone modulation

produces a narrow band FM signal.
Next, we consider single-tone modulation
produces wideband FM signal.

that
that

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FM Spectrum
If the modulating signal is a sine wave
em (t ) Em sin m t

then

f sig (t ) f c k f Em sin m t

The peak frequency deviation (Hz) will be

k f Em
Thus, frequency deviation is
f sig (t ) f c sin m t

25

FM Spectrum
With FM, the instantaneous frequency is
f sig (t ) f c sin m t

Since

(t ) 2 f sig (t )dt
0

(t ) 2 f c sin(2 f m t ) dt 2 f c t
0

cos(2 f m t )
fm

2 f c t m f cos(2 f m t )

26

FM Spectrum
Thus, the FM signal is given by
s (t ) Ec sin 2 f ct m f cos(2 f mt )

Depending on the value of mf, we may distinguish two

cases:
Narrowband FM, for which mf is small compared to

one ( m f 1).
Wideband FM, for which mf is large compared to one.

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FM Spectrum

Narrowband FM

sin( x y ) sin x cos y cos x sin y

The FM signal is given by

s (t ) Ec sin 2 f ct m f cos(2 f mt )

By expanding this relation, we get

m f sin(2 f m t )
s (t ) Ec sin 2 f ct cos m f sin(2 f mt Ec cos 2 f c t sin

Assuming mf is small compared to one radian,

cos m f sin 2 f mt 1
sin m f sin 2 f mt m f sin(2 f mt )

s (t ) Ec sin 2 f c t m f Ec cos 2 f c t sin(2 f mt )

28

FM Spectrum

Narrowband FM
Because

s (t ) Ec sin 2 f c t m f Ec cos 2 f ct sin(2 f mt )

1
cos x sin y sin x y sin x y
2

s (t ) Ec sin(2 f ct ) 1 m f Ec sin 2 ( f c f m )t sin 2 ( f c f m )t

2

This expression is similar to AM signal.

Thus for

m f a1narrowband FM signal requires the same

transmission bandwidth as the AM signal (2 fm)

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FM Spectrum

Wideband FM
For mf >> 1, FM produces infinite sidebands even for

single tone.
Sideband are separated from carrier by multiple of fm.
Amplitude of side bands tends to decrease with their

distance from carrier.

Sidebands with amplitudes less than 1% of total signal
voltage can be ignored.

30

FM Spectrum

Wideband FM
FM Spectrum in this case can be expressed as a series of

sinusoids using Bessel function of first kind.

31

FM Spectrum

Wideband FM

Based on Bessel functions s(t) can be rewritten as

s (t ) A sin c t m sin m t
A{J 0 (m) sin c t
- J1 (m) sin c - m t - sin c m t

J 2 (m) sin c - 2m t - sin c 2m t

- J 3 (m) sin c - 3m t - sin c 3m t

L }

32

FM Spectrum

Wideband FM

33

FM Spectrum

Wideband FM

34

FM Spectrum

Wideband FM

Let unmodulated carrier have a voltage of A volts RMS

across a resistance of RL .

Power at carrier frequency is

J 02 A2
Pc
RL

Similarly, power in each of sidebands are

Power in whole signal will be
A2 2
PT
J 0 2 J12 2 J 22 L

RL

PSB1

J12 A2

RL

35

FM Spectrum

Wideband FM

Let unmodulated carrier have a peak voltage of A volts across

a resistance of RL .
Power at carrier frequency is

J 02 A2
Pc
2 RL

Similarly, power in each of sidebands are

PSB1

J12 A2

2 RL

Power in whole signal will be

A2
PT
RL

J 02

2
2
J1 J 2 L

36

FM Spectrum

Wideband FM

An FM signal has deviation of 3 kHz and modulating

frequency of 1 kHz. Its total power PT is 5 W, developed

across a 50 load. Carrier frequency is 160 MHz.
Calculate the RMS signal voltage VT
Calculate RMS voltage at carrier and first three sets of

sidebands
Calculate power at carrier and each of first three
sidebands

37

FM Spectrum

Wideband FM
Signal power is constant with modulation, thus
VT2
PT
VT PT RL 15.8V ( RMS )
RL

Modulation index

mf

3
fm

From Bessel table we have

J o -0.26, J1 0.34, J 2 0.49, J 3 0.31

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FM Spectrum

Wideband FM

Vc J 0 VT 4.11V , Pc

Vc2
0.338W 25.3dBm
RL

V12
V1 J1 VT 5.37V , P1
0.576W 27.3dBm
RL
V2 J 2 VT 7.74V , P2
V3 J 3 VT 4.9V , P3

V22
1.2W 30.8dBm
RL

V32
0.48W 26.8dBm
RL

PT Pc 2( P1 P2 P3 ) 4.85W

39

FM Spectrum

Bandwidth

For FM, bandwidth varies directly with fm as well as with mf.

For FM, situation is complicated by the fact

mf
fm
Increase in fm will reduce mf and thus number of

sidebands.
Increase in fm means further apart sidebands in frequency.

The above two effects work in opposite directions making

FM bandwidth to some extend constant.

40

FM Spectrum

Bandwidth

41

FM Spectrum

Bandwidth

Carsons Rule: The bandwidth of FM signal is given

by

B 2 f m max

Example: An FM signal has a deviation of 3 kHz and a

modulating frequency of 1 kHz. Using Casons rule

calculate the bandwidth.
B 2 fm
2 3kHz 1kHz 8kHz

42

FM

Specifications

No theoretical limits to modulation index or frequency

deviation of an FM signal.
In general larger values for deviation result in increased
S/N.
BW of an FM signal is generally limited by government
regulations that specify:
Maximum frequency deviation
Maximum modulating frequency

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FM transmitter

44