Determinants of Human Behavior

Heredity and
Environment
The Genetic Code
Chromosomes: a molecule of DNA

(Deoxyribonucletic Acid) that contains the
instructions to make proteins
The instructions are organized into genes,

the basic unit for transmitting heredity.
Humans have 46 chromosomes (23

pairs), and about 25,000 genes.
Berger: The Developing Person Through Childhood and Adolescence, 7th Edition, Chapter 3
Karyotype (Map of
Chromosomes)
The Genetic Code (cont.)
Human genome: the code for making a

human being
Every person has a slightly different code,

but the human genome is 99.5% the same
for any 2 people.
The Beginnings of Life
Development begins at conception, when

the sperm penetrates the ovum.
The organism is first called a zygote, and

is the fused nuclei of sperm and egg.
The genotype of the zygote is the genetic

information on the 23 chromosome pairs.
Gene Pairs
Gene pairs are closely matched on 22 of

the 23 chromosomes.
In some cases, One of two or more

alternative forms of a gene that arise by
mutation and are found at the same place
on a chromosome occurs- (allele ) an
alternate version of variable genes.
On the 23rd pair, XX = female, XY = male.

Determining a Zygotes Sex
From One Cell to Many
The phenotype is the actual appearance

and behavior of a person, and occurs
because some instructions on the
genotype are ignored, and others
amplified.
This occurs through cell differentiation,

gene-gene (polygenic), and geneenvironment interactions.
Examples of genotype:
The gene responsible for eye color
The gene responsible for hair color
The gene responsible for height
The gene responsible for how your voice sounds
Examples of phenotype
Eye color (brown, black)
Height (tall, short)
Hair color ( brown, black, brunette)
Heredity
The process and the result of the process

by which the characteristics or traits are
produced and transmitted from parents to
offspring through the genes
Additive Heredity
Additive genes combine to make a

phenotype.
Example:
HEIGHT. The inherited genes from

mother and from father are added together.
However, some additive genes get enhanced
by other genes, making their input greater.
Dominant-Recessive Heredity
A dominant-recessive pattern occurs

when the influence of one gene in the
allele is greater than the other gene.
Example:
Blood types A and B and brown

eyes result from dominant genes.
This pattern may be X-linked (on the X

chromosome), in which case males are
more affected (e.g., color-blindness).
Twins and Clones
Dizygotic (fraternal) twins result from

two sperm penetrating two ova, and share
50% of their genes.
Monozygotic (identical) twins originate

from one zygote, and share 100% genes.
A clone originates from a live organism.

Dizygotic or monozygotic?
DAVID YOUNG-WOLFF / PHOTOEDIT
BRUCE ROBERTS / PHOTO RESEARCHERS, INC.
Multiple Births
The likelihood of multiple births vary by

age and ethnicity. Fertility treatments
may also cause them.
Hazards of multiples include birth

complications, death, disease, and
disabilities.
Research on the Effects of Genes
Researchers have employed several

methods (e.g., twin studies, adoption
studies) to investigate the relative
influence and interaction of genes and
environment in shaping human behavior
and traits.
The results may surprise you!

Findings from Genetic Research
Genes affect every aspect of human

behavior.
The non-shared environment of families is

powerful.
Genes elicit responses from other people

that shape development (an indirect
effect).
Psychopathology
Genes have been found to influence

several disorders, including:
Schizophrenia
Addiction
Nearsightedness
Diabetes
However, the environment ALSO plays a

key role in these disorders.
Chromosomal Abnormalities
Chromosomal abnormalities when the

zygotes cells have fewer or more
chromosomes than 46.
Maternal age is the most common

correlate of chromosomal abnormalities.
Many zygotes with chromosomal

abnormalities are spontaneously aborted.
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
Down syndrome occurs when a zygote

has 3 copies of chromosome 21.
Sufferers experience mental slowness,

faster aging, and physical problems.
Social support and a positive attitude help.

Abnormalities of the 23rd pair
About 1 in 500 infants have either one too

many or too few chromosomes on the
23rd pair.
This can lead to underdeveloped sexual

organs (girls), breast development (boys),
or other anomalies.
Dominant Disorders
Huntingtons disease is a fatal CNS

disorder caused by a genetic miscode. It
is inactive until middle adulthood.
Tourette syndrome, a dominant disorder,

can lead to uncontrollable tics and
obscenities.
Fragile X Syndrome
Fragile X syndrome is caused by a single

gene that has 200 repetitions of a triplet.
The effects of Fragile X include cognitive

deficits and poor social skills.
Males are at greater risk of developing

this syndrome.
Genetic Counseling
Genetic counseling provides facts. It is

recommended for:
Couples
from the same ethnic group

Individuals with a close relative with a genetic
condition
Couples with a history of infertility or miscarriage
Women 35 or older, men 40 or older
Environment
Internal environment intracellular system

of physical and chemica lforces within the
cell that influence the genetic materials of
the nucleus and the extra cellular systems
consisting of the blood and the lymph and
the pressures that surrounds the cells.
Pre natal environment

Fetus is attached to the mother through the
umbilical cord
Developing child is susceptible to the
changing conditions within the mother such
as
- nutritional deficiencies
- infections
- chemical changes in maternal blood as
a result of maternal emotion states and
exposure to radiation
External Environment
Culture
Language
Customs
Interaction of Heredity and

Environment
Danidoff (1987) classified into three the

gene-environment interaction
> Passive
> Evocative
> Active
New Advances in the Field of

Psychology
In-vitro fertilization
Mapping of human genome discovery of
genes causing inherited forms of
diseases- cancer, huntingtons disease,
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?
q=huntingtons+Disease&docid=4574519279944137&mid=2EF0B9C936DF96B554362EF0B9C936DF96B55436
&view=detail
tuberculosis
homosexuality
Identifying individuals especially criminals

(PCR and DNA FINGERPRINTING)
GENETIC PRE-SCREENING (child sure
to be boy
Gene therapy

Determinants of Human Behavior

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Heredity and

The Genetic Code

Chromosomes: a molecule of DNA

The instructions are organized into genes,

Humans have 46 chromosomes (23

The Genetic Code (cont.)

Human genome: the code for making a

Every person has a slightly different code,

The Beginnings of Life

Development begins at conception, when

The organism is first called a zygote, and

The genotype of the zygote is the genetic

Gene pairs are closely matched on 22 of

In some cases, One of two or more

On the 23rd pair, XX = female, XY = male.

Determining a Zygotes Sex

From One Cell to Many

The phenotype is the actual appearance

This occurs through cell differentiation,

The process and the result of the process

Additive genes combine to make a

HEIGHT. The inherited genes from

A dominant-recessive pattern occurs

Blood types A and B and brown

This pattern may be X-linked (on the X

Twins and Clones

Dizygotic (fraternal) twins result from

Monozygotic (identical) twins originate

A clone originates from a live organism.

DAVID YOUNG-WOLFF / PHOTOEDIT

BRUCE ROBERTS / PHOTO RESEARCHERS, INC.

The likelihood of multiple births vary by

Hazards of multiples include birth

Research on the Effects of Genes

Researchers have employed several

The results may surprise you!

Findings from Genetic Research

Genes affect every aspect of human

The non-shared environment of families is

Genes elicit responses from other people

Genes have been found to influence

However, the environment ALSO plays a

Chromosomal abnormalities when the

Maternal age is the most common

Many zygotes with chromosomal

Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

Down syndrome occurs when a zygote

Sufferers experience mental slowness,

Social support and a positive attitude help.

Abnormalities of the 23rd pair

About 1 in 500 infants have either one too

This can lead to underdeveloped sexual

Huntingtons disease is a fatal CNS

Tourette syndrome, a dominant disorder,

Fragile X syndrome is caused by a single

The effects of Fragile X include cognitive

Males are at greater risk of developing

Genetic counseling provides facts. It is

from the same ethnic group

Internal environment intracellular system

Pre natal environment

Interaction of Heredity and

Danidoff (1987) classified into three the

New Advances in the Field of