Acid and base

balance
Harliansyah, Ph.D
Feb2011

THE BODY
FLUIDS
A solution of solvent and solutes
Our body is made up of fluids and solids
About 50-60% of the body weight is WATER
In a 70 Kg adult male: 60% X 70= 40-42 Liters
Note that 1 kg body weight= 1 liter of water
The body has two major compartments:
1 Intracellular
2. Extracellular

Just Start
Maintenance

Maintenance fluid provide the water and

electrolytes equal to those lost simply for
being alive and having a basal metabolic
rate

Metabolism makes heat and solute that you

need to get rid of to maintain homeostasis

Insensible fluid loss dissipates heat by

evaporation of water from skin and URT (50% of
maintenance needs)
Soluble waste is excreted in urine (50% of
maintenance needs)

The Proportion of
Body Fluids
Interstiti
al
Intracellula
15%
r
fluid
40%

Intravascu
lar
5%

The Intracellular
Fluid

Found inside the cell surrounded by a membrane.

This is compartment with the highest percentage

of water in adults.

The Extracellular
Fluid

Fluid found outside the cells

1. INTERSTITIAL FLUID
Found

in between the cells

2. INTRAVASCULAR FLUID
Found

inside the blood vessels and lymphatic

vessels

3. TRANSCELLULAR FLUID
Found

inside body cavities like pleura,

peritoneum, CSF

Sources of Fluids:
Fluid Input
1. Exogenous sources
Fluid intake- water from foodstuffs
IVF
Medications
Blood products
2. Endogenous sources
By products of metabolism
secretions

Fluid Losses
Routes of Fluid output
Urine
Sensible losses
Fecal losses
Sweat
Insensible losses though the skin and
lungs as
water vapor

Fluid
Dynamics
The movement of fluids (solutes and
solvents) in
the body compartment
Diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration
Active transport

Principles of Acid-base
balance interpretation

Bases can be defined as a proton (H +)

acceptor

Molecules capable of accepting a H+ ion

Physiologically important bases include :

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Biphosphate (HPO4-2)

Principles of Acid-base
balance interpretation

Acids can be defined as a proton (H +)

donor
Molecules that dissociate in solution to
H+
Physiologically important acids include :
Carbonic acid (H2CO3)
Phosphoric acid (H3PO4)

Pyruvic acid
Lactic acid

Principles of Acid-base
balance interpretation

E.C.F. acceptable pH range

maintained by :
1) Chemical buffers

2) Respiratory regulation

react very rapidly (< 1 sec)

reacts rapidly (sec to min)

3) Renal regulation

reacts slowly (min to hr)

C A R B O N D IO X ID E D IF F U S IO N
R e d B lo o d C e ll
C l-

( c h lo r i d e s h i f t )

C O

+ H 20

+ H 2C O

3
HCO

P la s m a
CO

T is s u e s

C O 2 d iffu s e s in to th e R
is h y d r a te d u n d e r in flu
c a r b o n ic a n h y d r a s e . H
d iffu s e s in to th e p la s m

BC and
ence of
C O 3a.