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DIGITAL PROTECTION
contents
Digital signal processing Digital filtering in protection
relays digital data transmission
Development cycle of new numerical relay.
Numerical Relay
Relay hardware
Relay software
Multiple Protection characteristics
Adaptive Protection characteristics
Data storage
Instrumentation feature
Self check feature
Communication capability
Additional functions
Size and cost effectiveness
Verification of Sampling
Theorem
FIR Filters
FIR filters have impulse responses of finite
lengths. In FIR filters the present output
depends only on the past and present
values of the input sequence but not on
the previous output sequences.
Thus they are non recursive hence they
are inherently stable.
FIR filters possess linear phase response.
Hence they are very much applicable for
the applications requiring linear phase
response.
IIR FILTERS
Unlike FIR filters, IIR filters have
infinite number of impulse response
samples.
They are recursive filters as the
output depends not only on the past
and present inputs but also on the
past outputs. They generally do not
have linear phase characteristics.
H (Z) = (b0+b1z-1+b2z-2+bLz-L) /
(1-a1z-1-a2z-2-aNz-N)
Stability of IIR filters depends on the
number and the values of the filter
coefficients.
The major advantage of IIR filters over FIR
is that, they require lesser coefficients
compared to FIR filters for the same
desired response, thus requiring less
computation time.
Factors to be considered in
designing digital filter
Travelling wave distortion : During a fault
when there is a significant change of voltage at
the fault point waves will be generated which
travel from the fault point , waves will be
generated which travel from the fault point into
the adjoining power network.
This effect is particularly prevalent in overhead
lines.
It causes corruption of relaying quantities.
The dominant frequency of the travelling waves
will be influenced by the position of the fault.
Harmonics
Rejection of harmonic effects are
achieved by using protection
algorithms which are immune to such
effects.
. Removal of low order harmonics will
increase the operating time .
Exponential offsets
Induced in transducers , particularly
(CVTs).
It is better to remove actively all.
That digital filters with dc rejection
must be used.
Contd
Numerical Relays
The first protection devices based on
microprocessors were employed in 1985.
Developing
the
second
generation
numerical relays in 1990.
Modern power system protection devices
with
multifunction's
like
protection,
control , monitoring and measuring are
available today in numeric power system
protection devices.
The communication capability of these
devices
facilities
remote
control
monitoring and data transfer.
Relay Hardware
Numerical relays use a specialized
DSP as the computational hardware
along with associated software tools.
The relaying voltages and currents
are passed through an isolation
transformers.
The voltage inputs of the relay are
scaled down from the nominal
voltage to alow level determined by
the ADC input range.
Contd
Contact inputs and outputs user interface and the the serial
communication ports are interfaced to the host processor.
The DSP executes a variety of signal processing algorithms
to estimate several parameters of the digitized voltage
and current signals , and transfers them to dual ported
memory.
The host processor receives these from the dual ported
memory and performs relay logic and other timing
functions to generate appropriate trip or alarm output
signal.
Host processor running under multi tasking can performs
communication set point updates target updates and user
interface.
Providing back up for critical components.
The analogue signal inputs are conditioned to withstand the
harsh electrical environment.
The design of relay input, output and power supply must
filter to reduce EMI
Relay software
The software provided in a numerical
relay is commonly organized in a
series of tasks operating in real time.
The main component is the RTOS.
TO ensure that other tasks are
executed as and when required on a
priority basis.
Types of Software
1. System services software: This controls
the low level IO for the relay.
2. HMI Interface software: high level
software for communication with the user
via front panel controls that are connected
to a data link to another computer running
suitable software storage and setting data.
3. Application software : defines the
protection function of the relay.
4. Auxiliary function :
other features
offered in the relay.
Multiple Protection
Characteristics
In simple Inverse definite minimum
time lag (IDMTL) over current and
earth fault relays multiple
characteristics like NI, VI, EI, LTI and
DTL characteristics are available in
relay and the required
characteristics.
Adaptive Protection
characteristics
In motor protection relay : can be
adapted for the starting condition
and running condition .
Over current protection, earth fault
protection , unbalance protection .
sensitive settings can be adapted for
these protections during the running
conditions of the motor.
Transformer protection
Greater stability can be achieved by
monitoring the through fault
current .
Once the fault current is above the
set value the relay bias automatically
increases to facilitate greater
stability for through fault condition.
Data storage
Instrumentation
Numerical relays are provided with a metering
function and separate panel mounted meters can be
eliminated.
A number of extra quantities can be derived from
the measured quantities depend upon the input
signal available. They may include a. Sequence
quantities.
b. Power , reactive power and power factor c.
Energy
D. Maximum demand in a period, e. Harmonic quant
ities f. Frequency g. Temperatures /RTD STATUS
h. Motor start information i. Distance to fault.
Communication
Advantages of remote
communication
Change of settings.
Change of group settings.
Control CB.
Instrumentation viewing
Event recorder downloading
Waveform recorder and fault record
downloading.
Additional Functionality
CB fail.
Loss of load , conductor broken
Trip circuit supervision .
Electrical Environment
Relay is tested for high frequency
disturbance, fast transient
electrostatic discharge, radio
frequency and impulse as per IEC
100 4 AND ANSIC 37.94.
Alternative media
Twisted pair : for telephonic
communication upto 10 Mbps.
Cheap, easily exposed to limited
capacity/speed.
Co axial cable: are more immune to
disturbance upto 50Mbps.
Optical fibre : high capacity and the
disturbance immunity upto 5Gbps.
LAN CONFIGURATION
Contd..
Bus and star topologies
have faster
communication compared to ring.
In the ring the data are transmitted from
one point to next.
Communication depends on all points
being available