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In this lesson you will learn to graph functions of the form y = a sin bx and
y = a cos bx where a and b are positive constants and x is in radian measure.
The graphs of all sine and cosine functions are related to the graphs of
y = sin x
and
y = cos x
which are shown below.
y = sin x
y = cos x
1
(M m) = 1.
2
The amplitude and period of the graphs of y = a sin bx and y = a cos bx, where
a and b are nonzero real numbers, are as follows:
2
amplitude = |a|
and
period =
|b|
2
=
.
Examples The graph of y = 2 sin 4x has amplitude 2 and period
4
2
1
1
2
The graph of y =
cos 2 x has amplitude
and period
= 1.
3
3
2
The amplitude and period of the graphs of y = a sin bx and y = a cos bx, where
a and b are nonzero real numbers, are as follows:
2
amplitude = |a|
and
period =
|b|
2
=
.
Examples The graph of y = 2 sin 4x has amplitude 2 and period
4
2
1
1
2
The graph of y =
cos 2 x has amplitude
and period
= 1.
3
3
2
For a > 0 and b > 0, the graphs of y = a sin bx and y = a cos bx each have five
2
key x-values on the interval 0 x
: the x-values at which the maximum
b
and minimum values occur and the x-intercepts.
2
2
=
= 2. The five key points are:
b
1
(
) = (, 0)
Maximum: ( 1 2, 2 ) = ( , 2)
2
4
3
3
Minimum: ( 2, 2) = ( 2 , 2)
4
Intercepts: (0, 0); (2, 0);
1
2, 0
2
1
, 0
4
) (
=
4 ,0
) (
;
1
, 1
2
) (
=
, 1
2
2
2
=
= . The five key points are:
b
2
3
, 0
4
) (
=
3 , 0
4
Graph y =
SOLUTION
The amplitude is a =
1
2
2
and the period is
=
= 2.
3
b
( 14 2, 0) = ( 12 , 0 ) ; ( 34 2, 0) = ( 32 , 0 )
1
1
Maximum: ( 0,
;
2,
3 ) (
3 )
Intercepts:
Minimum:
) (
1
1
2,
2
3
1
1,
3
1
period
440 =
b
2
880 = b
The pressure as a function of time is given by P = 5 sin 880 t.
1
1
=
.
f
440
,0
,0 ;
Intercepts: (0, 0);
2 440
440
1
1
1
Maximum:
,5 =
,5
4 440
1760
1
3
3
Minimum:
, 5 =
, 5
4 440
1760
(
(
) (
) (
) (
) = (8801 , 0)
The domain is all real numbers except odd multiples of . At odd multiples of ,
2
2
the graph has vertical asymptotes.
The range is all real numbers. The graph has a period of .
CHARACTERISTICS OF Y = A TAN BX
If a and b are nonzero real numbers, the graph of y = a tan bx has these
characteristics:
The period is
.
|b|
3
tan 4x.
2
SOLUTION
The period is
=
.
b
4
Intercept: (0, 0)
Asymptotes:
, or x =
;
2 4
8
x = 1 , or x =
2 4
8
x=
) ()
) ( )
1
3
, 3
,
=
4
4 2
16 2 ;
1 , 3 = , 3
4 4
2
16
2
Halfway points: