Introduction

Basic Thermodynamics
Concepts

Heat.
System.
State.
Path.
Process.
Cycle.
Property.
Contd..
Process - Any change that a system
undergoes from one equilibrium state to
another is called a process.
Path - The series of state through which a
system passes during a process is called a
path
Cycle - A process with identical end states is
called a cycle.
A review of basic thermodynamics: A refreshe

The ball represents

mass exchange

The arrow represents

energy exchange
Zeroth Law of thermodynamics
The Zeroth Law deals with thermal
equilibrium and provides a means for
measuring temperatures.
Difference between thermal equilibrium
and Thermodynamic equilibrium.
Zeroth Law of thermodynamics
First Law of thermodynamics
The first law is the law of conservation
of energy.
The algebric sum of the work transfers is
proportional to the algebric sum of heat
transfer.
Limitations of First Law
It does not place any distinction on the
direction of the process under
consideration.
It will not help to predict, whether the
system would undergo a change or no. It
simply states that in a certain process
heat and work are mutually convertible.
Second Law of thermodynamics
The Second law of clausis states that
It is impossible to construct a device
that operates in a cycle and produces no
effect other than the removal of heat
from a body at one temperature and the
absorption of an equal quantity of heat
by a body at a higher temperature.
Second Law of thermodynamics
contd..
The Second law of Max Planck’s states
that
It is impossible to construct an engine
working on a cyclic process whose sole
purpose is to convert all the heat
supplied to it into equivalent amount of
work.
Few Examples
Some common examples.
All processes in nature occur unaided or
spontaneously in one direction. But to
make the same process go in the
opposite direction one needs to spend
energy.
Third Law of Thermodynamics
It is impossible by any procedure no
matter how idealized, to reduce any
system to the absolute zero temperature
in a finite number of operations.
Summation of three laws

You can’t get something for nothing

To get work output you must give
some thermal energy
You can’t get something for very little
To get some work output there is a
minimum amount of thermal energy
that needs to be given
You can’t get every thing
However much work you are willing
to give 0 K can’t be reached.
Definitions of Reversible Process

A process is reversible if after it, means

can be found to restore the system and
surroundings to their initial states.
Some reversible processes:
Constant volume and constant pressure
heating and cooling -the heat given to
change the state can be rejected back
to regain the state
Reversible Process (contd…)

Isothermal and adiabatic processes -the

work derived can be used to compress it
back to the original state.
Elastic expansion/compression (springs,
rubber bands)
Some Irreversible Process
Thermodynamic Processes
A process in which the volume remains constant
constant volume process. Also called isochoric
process / isometric process
A process in which the pressure of the system
remains constant.
constant pressure process. Also called isobaric
process
A process in which the temperature of the
system is constant.
constant temperature process. Also called
isothermal process
A process in which the system is enclosed by
adiabatic wall.
Adiabatic process
Rankine Vapor power
cycle
T-s diagram Rankine
power cycle
P-V diagram Rankine
power cycle
 Rankine Cycle contd…

Process 1-2: Water from the condenser at low

pressure is pumped into the boiler at
high pressure. This process is reversible adiabatic.
Process 2-3: Water is converted into steam at
constant pressure by the addition of heat
in the boiler.
Process 3-4: Reversible adiabatic expansion of
steam in the steam turbine.
Process 4-1: Constant pressure heat rejection in
the condenser to convert condensate
into water.
The steam leaving the boiler may be dry and
saturated, wet or superheated. The
corresponding T-s diagrams are 1-2-3-4-1; 1-2-3’-
4’-1 or 1-2-3”-4”-1.
Thermal efficiency of rankine cycle
Consider one kg of working fluid, and applying
first law to flow system to various processes
with the assumption of neglecting changes in
potential and kinetic energy, we can write,
δq - δw = dh
For process 2-3, δw = 0 (heat addition
Process), we can write,
(δq )boiler= (dh )boiler =(h3-h2)