a) Reaction with HCl

R' R' _
+
R C NH2 + HCl R C NH3Cl
COOH COOH

Example:

CH2CH3 CH2CH3
+ _
H C NH2 + HCl H C NH3Cl
COOH COOH
b) Reaction with NaOH
R' R'
R C NH2 + NaOH R C NH2
_
COOH COO Na+

Example:
CH2CH3 CH2CH3
H C NH2 + NaOH H C NH2
_
COOH COO Na+
c) Reaction with ROH + HCl (catalyst)
R' R'
R C NH2 + R''OH R C NH2 + H 2O
COOH COOR''

Example:
CH2CH3 R'
HCl
H C NH2 + CH3OH R C NH2 + H 2O
COOH COOR''
d) With Nitrous Acid (HNO2)
R' R'
NaNO2 / HCl +
R C NH2 R C N N
o
-5 to 0 C
COOH COOH
diazonium ion
elimination of N2(g)

R'
Observation: Bubbling
R C+
of gas (N2)
COOH
carbocation
H 2O - -H
+
+ Cl
2-hydroxy halocarboxylic Alkenoic
acid
carboxylic acid acid
Example: CH3 CH3
NaNO2 / HCl +
H C NH2 H C N N
COOH COOH
diazonium ion
elimination of N2(g)
CH3
H C+
COOH
carbocation
+
H 2O - -H
+ Cl
CH3
CH3 CH2
H C OH
H C Cl H C
COOH
COOH COOH
Peptide Bond
2 amino acids react together, H2O
is eliminated.
This is condensation reaction.
Peptides are amino acid polymers
in which the individual amino acid
units, are linked together by amide
bonds, or peptide bonds
•2 amino acids form dipeptide
•3 amino acids form tripeptide
•15 – 30 amino acids form oligopeptide
•> 30 amino acids form polypeptide
 Formation of dipeptide bond:
O H
H2N CH 2 C OH + H N C COOH
H CH3

O H
H2N CH2 C N C COOH + H O
2
H CH3

amide bond / Notes:

peptide bond N-terminal (with free –NH2) is
A dipeptide always written on the left and C-
terminal (with free –COOH) at the
right side
Formation of tripeptide bond:
O H CH2 OH
H2N CH2 C OH H N C COOH H N C COOH
H CH3 H H
Gly Ala Tyr

Write the structural formula of tripeptide with the following

sequence Gly-Ala-Tyr :

O H O CH2 OH
H2N CH2 C N C C N C COOH
H CH3 H H

A tripeptide
Importance of amino acids :
 Human beings can synthesize about half
of the amino acids needed to make
proteins.
 Other amino acids, called the essential
amino acids,
acids must be provided in the diet.

 The ten essential amino acids are :

arginine (Arg) valine (val) methionine (Met)

threonine (Thr) leucine (Leu) phenylalanine (Phe)
histidine (His) isoleucine (Ile) lysine (Lys)
trypthophan (Trp)
Importance of proteins :
 Proteins are the most abundant organic
molecules in animals, playing important
roles in all aspects of cell structure and
function.
 Examples of protein functions :

Class of protein Examples Functions

structural protein collagen, keratin tendons, skin

hair, nails

enzymes DNA polymerase repair DNA

transport protein hemoglobin transport O2