RADIO NAVIGATION

SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION 1.1 DEFINITIONS
Definitions of Navigation

Navigation is the determination

of the position and velocity of a
moving vehicle.

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Some related conceptions

1.1
DEFINITIONS

Guidance
Guidance is Any of various processes
for guiding the path of a vehicle, especially
a missile, by means of built-in equipment.
(1) Steering toward a destination of known
position from the aircrafts present
position.
(2) steering toward a destination without
explicitly measuring the state vector.
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Some related conceptions

1.1
DEFINITIONS

Navigation System & Navigation Equipments

Navigation system is the general

designation
of
the
equipment
or
equipment combination which afford the
navigation service for vehicle.

The navigation system emphasizes on

the equipment combination which can
achieve some navigation function.
In general, Navigation equipment is
one type of set which can achieve single
function in the navigation system.
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1.2 CATEGORIES OF NAVIGATION
(1)According to whether or not continuous
positioning data are dependant

positioning systems
Radio systems (emphas
is)
Celestial
systems.
Mapping navigation systems.

Each one
has frame
of
reference.

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1.2 CATEGORIES OF NAVIGATION

Dead-reckoning navigation systems

Measuring aircraft heading and
either speed or acceleration.

Measuring emissions from

continuous-wave radio stations.

Recording and
integrating the
variation of
position
continuously.

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1.2 CATEGORIES OF NAVIGATION

(3)According to the technical means

Celestial navigation

Inertial navigation

Radio navigation

Geomagnetism navigation

Infrared Navigation

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1.2 CATEGORIES OF NAVIGATION

(3)According to the technical means

Laser Navigation

Sonar Navigation

Mapping navigation

Way points or lighted beacons navigation

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1.3 The category of radio navigation sys

(1) According to the relation between
onboard equipments and navigation
stations.

Active radio navigation system.

Negative radio navigation system

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1.3 The category of radio navigation system
(3) According to the maximum coverage of
navigation system
Short-range radio navigation system:
range of action is about 500 km
Mid-range radio navigation system: range
of action is about 1,000 km
Long-range radio navigation system:
range of action is about 3,000km
Super-long-range radio navigation system:
range of action is over 10,000km, some of
them can cover the whole global.

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1.4 Navigation Nomenclature and
Glossary
We can use state vector to describe
the translational motion of the vehicle.

In the air the state vector have sixcomponent: three components of

position and the three components of
velocity.
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The state vector:

vz

(x,y,z)

vx

vy
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TIME
Local time

Universal Time

(Greenwich Mean Time,

GMT)

Atomic Time (AT)

Universal Coordinate time (UTC)

System time

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POS: Position
WPT Waypoint: a significant point on
the route which may be used for
reporting to Air Traffic Control, turning of
landing.
HDGHeading: The tail to nose
direction of the aircraft longitudinal axis
measured in degrees clockwise form
either magnetic or true North.

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HDGHeading:

Ture North

Magnetic North

The tail to nose

direction

e
Navigation
station

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1.6 DESIGN TRADE-OFFS

The selection of navigation system

consider the following attributes:

1. Cost.
2. Accuracy of position and velocity.
3. Autonomy.
4. Time delay in calculating position and velocity,
caused by computational and sensor delays.
5. Geographic coverage.

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INTRODUCTION1.6 DESIGN TRADE-OFFS
The selection of navigation system
consider the following attributes:

6. Automation.
7. Availability.
8. System capacity.
9. Ambiguity.
10. Integrity.
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1.7 EVOLUTION OF AIR NAVIGATION

1. Visual navigation

An anemometer for airspeed;

A barometer for altitude;

A magnetic compass for

heading;
Artificial horizons and turn-and-bank
indicators allowed pilots to hold
attitude and heading in clouds.

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1.7 EVOLUTION OF AIR NAVIGATION

2. Lighted beacons
Lighted beacons were installed
across the United States in the
1920s to mark airmail routes.

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1.7 EVOLUTION OF AIR NAVIGATION

6. Downward-looking telescope.
From the 1930s to the 1960s, drift
angle (DA) was measured in flight
with a downward-looking telescope
that observed the direction of
movement of the ground, when it
was visible.
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1.7 EVOLUTION OF AIR NAVIGATION

7. Observing trends in the difference.

From the 1940s to the 1960s, drift was
estimated over oceans by observing trends
in the difference, D, between the readings of
the radio altimeter and pressure altimeter.

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INTRODUCTION1.7 EVOLUTION OF AIR NAVIGATION
8. Doppler and inertial navigators
In 1960s and 1970s, the introduction of Doppler and
inertial navigators allowed drift to be observed
directly.They are independent navigation system.

The Doppler navigator measures the direction of the

ground-speed vector relative to the aircraft's centerline.

The inertial navigator subtracts in-measured airspeed

from the measured ground velocity to calculate wind,
hence lateral drift.

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1.7 EVOLUTION OF AIR NAVIGATION

9. VOR , ILS and VOR/DME (radio navigation)

After World War II, VOR (Very-high-frequency

Omnidirectional Range) stations (Chapter 3) and
Instrument Landing Systems (ILS, Chapter 4) were
installed. VOR/DME and ILS have been the basis
of navigation in western countries ever since. Now,
they are adopted for use by the International Civil
Aviation Organization(ICAO).
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10. Surveillance radar (radio)
During the 1960s, air-traffic controllers
came to rely on surveillance radar in
densely populated airspace (Chapter 5).

The controller identified the aircraft on

his screen, hence eliminating the need for
a position report from the crew.

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10. Surveillance radar
Radar surveillance of air traffic is called positive
control, which, in 1996, existed in the United
States, most of Canada, Western Europe, and Japan.

In the late 1990s, the automatic reporting of

on-board-derived position began to supplement
(perhaps eventually to replace) radar surveillance.

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INTRODUCTION1.7 EVOLUTION OF AIR NAVIGATION
11. RSBN

Since the late 1960s, The

former
Soviet
republics
domestic civil and military
aircraft have used an L-band
range-angle system known by
its Russian acronym, RSBN, and
not standardized by ICAO.
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12. Precision approach radar (PAR)

In 1942 PAR came to use, now just as in
commercial aviation, PARs are seldom used
because they depend on a trained operator.

PARs operators keep a close watch on the

screen to know positions of the landing airplane,
tell the information to the pilot by radio,
command the pilot for landing.

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13. hyperbolic radio-navigation system
Hyperbolic radio-navigation systems are
long range navigator. They are Loran-A,
Loran-B, Loran-C, Loran-D, Omega,
Chayka, Decca and so on.

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13. hyperbolic radio-navigation system
Just before the outbreak of World War II in Europe,
the Loran-C begun into use. Now it provides a
valuable service in many parts of the world,in
particular the north and east Pacific and Atlantic. The
system is used by many ships and aircraft and world
appear to have an indefinite future.

It uses ground waves at low frequencies, thereby

securing an operating range of over 1000 mi.

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13. hyperbolic radio-navigation system
Omega, Omega signals are sub-ionospheric;
that is, they are propagated between the earth
surface and the D-region of the ionosphere.
Because VLF signal attenuation is low, the
signals are propagated to great ranges,
typically 5000 to 15,000 NM.

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13. hyperbolic radio-navigation system
Decca, Decca system developed by the British
and used extensively during the later stages of
World War II. In 1996, its major area of
implementation is in northwestern Europe
where it is primarily used by shipping
companies.

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13. hyperbolic radio-navigation system
Chayka systems Chayka (meaning sea gull)
is a pulse-phase radio-navigation system similar
to the Loran-C system. It is used in Russia and
surrounding territories and seas. By using ground
waves at low frequencies, the operating range is
over 1000 mi.

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14. MLS

1.7 EVOLUTION OF AIR NAVIGATION

During the late 1960s, the requirements

of civil aviation were forecast to exceed
the capabilities of the ILS. The U.S. military
services, for more than a decade, had
been developing microwave approach
guidance systems to support tactical
deployments
and
aircraft-carrier
operations. This is called Microwave
Landing System MLS.

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1.7 EVOLUTION OF AIR NAVIGATION

15. GPS and GLONASS

GPS and GLONASS are based on

one-way
passive
range
measurements to several stations,
of whichinare
spacecraft
most
The receiver
the
airplane uses the

signal of GPS/GLONASS to compute

position, velocity, the offset in the
airborne clock, and, in some receivers,
the ionospheric delay.
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Figure 1.2