03 WCDMA RNP CW Test and Propagation Model Tuning

Internal
WCDMA RNP CW Test

and Propagation
Model Tuning
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd.
HUAWEI Confidential
Page 1
Introduction
CW test (Continuous Wave test) is an

important step of Propagation Model
Tuning. According to the CW test data
(including latitude/longitude and received
level) and corresponding Digital maps, we
can get the accurate Propagation Model
through tuning.
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CONTENT
Chapter 1 Principle of Radio Propagation
and CW Test
Chapter 2 CW Test Flow
Chapter 3 Analysis of CW Test Data
Chapter 4 Propagation Model Tuning
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Principle of Radio Propagation and CW Test
Section 1 Basic Principle of Radio
Propagation
Section 2 Principle of
Propagation Model Tuning

Section 3 Purpose of CW Test
Section 4 Basic Principle of CW
Test
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Radio Waveband Classification
Frequencies in different bands have different propagation characteristics.
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Generation of Electromagnetic Wave

Based on Maxwell equations set:
The variable magnetic field can excite eddy electric field and variable electric field can also excite eddy
magnetic field.
Continuous electromagnetic oscillation (electromagnetic wave) forms due to mutual excitation of
alternating electric and magnetic field.
The speed of electromagnetic wave only varies with electric and magnetic characteristics of medium.
The propagation speed of electric microwave in vacuum equals that of light in vacuum.
Light and electromagnetic wave are essentially the same. Light is electromagnetic wave of a certain
wavelength.
Oscillator
Magnetic field
Magnetic field
Electric field
Electric field
Transmission direction of electric wave
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Electric field
Propagation Path
Perpendicular incidence wave

and ground reflection wave
(most common propagation modes)
Mountain diffraction wave

(shadow area signal source)
Troposphere reflection wave

(the propagation is very random)
Ionosphere refraction wave

(beyond-the-horizon communication path)
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Propagation of Electromagnetic Wave

Ripple in the pond: Energy is propagated around from the source point and
gradually weakens.
Electromagnetic wave is similarly propagated except that (when the radiation source
is isotropically effective ideal point source):
It is propagated in the form of spherical wave in three-dimension space.
The propagation media are different, including air, obstacle and reflector.
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Characteristics of Radio Propagation
Electric wave propagation system
LOS and NLOS
of Land Mobile Communications
Radio propagation in
actual environment
Reflected wave of building
Diffracted wave
Direct wave
Reflected wave on the ground
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Characteristics of Radio Channels

Pr (dBm)
Radio channels vary with

users position and time.
Multipath scattering and
obstruction result in
acute changes to received
power.
Slow fading
-20
-40
Slow fading
-60
Attenuation: Pr is in direct
proportion to 1/dn.
Shadow: obstructed by barriers
Fast fading
Multipath effect
Fast changes to signal
strength at small distance
and time interval
Doppler frequency shift
Delay spread
Fast fading
10
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20
30
d (m)
Diversity Technology
Measures against fast fading- diversity technologies
Explicit diversity
Space diversity
Polarization diversity
Frequency diversity GSM-frequency hopping
WCDMA-spreading
Implicit diversity
Implicit diversity uses signal processing technologies to hide

diversity functions into signals under transmission, such as RAKE
reception technology, interleaving and error code correction.
Regarded as time diversity
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Delay Spread
Multipath propagation: Signals on different paths reach the receiver at

different time.
When the receiver fails to distinguish multipath signals, co-channel

interference (CCI) occurs. In the WCDMA system, only the multipath
delay larger than one chip period (0.26s, 78m) can be recognized.
Typical value (s): Open < 0.2, Suburban = 0.5, Urban = 3

Solutions
Equalization
Equalizationand
andRAKE
RAKEtechnology
technology
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Doppler Frequency Shift
Example of Doppler effect: A train is passing by you.
Doppler frequency shift in Mobile Communications

f1
f3
f2
V (k m /h )
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Loss
Diffraction loss
Penetration loss
T
T
R
Clutter loss
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Penetration Loss
Indoor signals depend on penetration loss of building.
Signals are different at the indoor window and in the middle of room.
Building materials have great effect on penetration loss.
The reference angle of electromagnetic wave have great effect
on penetration loss.
w1
0 0
d
D
w2
0 0
E2
WdBm
E1
XdBm
Penetration
Penetrationloss=X-W=B
loss=X-W=BdB
dB
Reflection and refraction of

electromagnetic wave through the
wall
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Penetration Loss
Obstacle/penetration loss is:
Partition obstruction: 5 20dB
Floor obstruction: 20dB
Obstruction of furniture and other barriers: 2 15dB
Thick glass: 6 10dB
Penetration loss of the carriage of the train: 15
30dB
Penetration loss of lift: 30dB or so
Loss of thick leaves: 10dB
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Radio Propagation Environment
Radio propagation environment determines the propagation

models directly. And propagation environment is impacted by the
following factors:
Landform (terrain): mountain, hill, plain, waters, and vegetation
Clutter: building, road and bridge
Noise: natural noise and artificial noise
Climate: rain, snow and ice (tiny effect on UHF band)
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Type of radio environment
Radio environment is classified as follows, according to ITU-R P.1411-1

and specific conditions in China.
Propagation
environment
Dense urban
Urban
Suburban
Rural
Description
Many tall buildings, signals fail to diffract from the roof of
building .
Signals can diffract from the roof due to low buildings and wide
streets.
Low and sparse buildings
Low and sparse buildings, but with lots of vegetation
Mountainous areas
Road
Indoor
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Type of propagation environment
The corresponding cell type is as follows:

Cell type
Cell type
Typical antenna installation
Macro-cell
>500 m
Installed outdoors, higher than average height of

surrounding roofs
Micro-cell
100~500m
Installed outdoors, lower than average height of

surrounding roofs
Pico-cell
<100m
Installed outdoors or indoors, lower than height of all

roofs
Type of other new cells, such as Mini-cell
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Section 1 Basic Principle of
Radio Propagation
Section 2 Theory of Propagation
Model Tuning
Test
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Radio Propagation Model
Propagation model is used to predict the

effect of terrain, obstacle and artificial
environment on the path loss.
WCDMA
WCDMAcommon
commonpropagation
propagationmodels
models
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Common propagation models

Okumura/Hata model
For: 900M 1500MHz
COST231-Hata model
For: 1500-2000MHz
COST231 Walfish-Ikegami model
For: 800M-2000MHz
Keenan-Motley model
For indoor propagation
Propagation model in UNET
For macro cell on 300M 2000M
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Model in U-Net:
L=K1 + K2log(d) + K3log(HTxeff) + K4Diffraction

+ K5log(d)log(HTxeff) + K6(HRxeff) + Kclutterf(clutter)
K1: constant (dB)
K2: multiplier factor of log(d)
d: distance between Tx antenna and Rx antenna (m)
K3: multiplier factor of log(HTxeff)
HTxeff: effective height of Tx antenna (m)
K4: multiplier factor of diffraction loss, which must be a positive value
Diffraction loss: diffraction loss through the path with barriers (dB)
K5: multiplier factor of log(HTxeff)log(d)
K6: multiplier factor of HRxeff
HRxeff : effective height of Rx antenna (m)
Kclutter: multiplier factor of for f(clutter)
f(clutter): average weighted loss caused by clutter
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Radio Propagation
Section 2 Theory of
Test
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Purpose of CW Test
GPS
Compare CW test data
with prediction results,

and then tune the
propagation parameters
to improve the accuracy
of coverage prediction.
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Radio Propagation
Section 2 Theory of

Test
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Basic Principle of CW Test

Typification
The CW test data must represent the characteristic of

electromagnetic wave in this area.
Balance
The CW test data must represent the characteristic of

electromagnetic wave by the proportion of different
clutters in this area.
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CONTENT
and CW Test
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CW Test Flow
Section 1 Site Selection

Section 2 Building Test
Platform in Networking
Section 3 Drive Test
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Site Selection
Principles of site selection
Number of sites: It is usually agreed that a minimum of 5 sites should be
tested in large and dense city, but one site is enough in normal city, which
mainly depends on antenna height and EIRP.
Representation: Site selection should aim to cover all types of clutter
(from the digital map) in the coverage zone.

Multiple models: Define the corresponding zone of each model if the test
environment requires multiple models to describe its propagation

characteristics.
Overlap: Increase measurement overlap area between each site as
much as possible. But reasonable inter-site distance should be ensured.

Obstacle: The data should be filtered in the subsequent processing if
obvious obstacle exists.
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Site Selection
Standards of site selection
a. Antenna height should be greater than 20m.

b. The antenna should be 5m higher than the nearest
obstacle.
5m
c. The obstacle mainly refers to the highest building on the

roof where the antenna is installed. The building where the
site is located should be higher than average height of
surrounding buildings.
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CW Test Flow

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Building Test Platform in Networking

Tx subsystem: Tx antenna, feeder, high-frequency signal source and
antenna holder
Rx subsystem: test receiver, GPS receiver, test software and laptop
Tx antenna
TMA
Signal source
RF cable 1
RF cable 2
Rx antenna
High frequency signal
source
Power supply
Drive test
instrument
Build-in GPS
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Laptop
Building Test Platform in Networking

Record the gain of the following parts on signals
during networking:
Tx power of signal source

Loss of RF cable
Gain of Tx antenna
Gain of Rx antenna
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CW Test Flow

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Drive Test
Keep to the following standards to select a test path
Landform: The test route must cover all main landforms in the area.
Height: The test route must cover landforms with different height in this area if
the landforms are up-and-down.

Distance: The test route must cover different positions from the site in the
area.
Direction: The test points must be consistent on the horizontal and vertical
route.
Length The total distance of one CW test should be longer than 60km.
Number of test samples: The more, the better.
Overlap: Overlap the test route in different sites as much as possible to
improve the reliability of models.

Obstacle: Shadow areas behind this wall should be avoided when antenna
signals are obstructed by the wall at a side.
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Drive Test
Lee criteria for sampling: 50 samples by 40
The maximum vehicle speed: Vmax=0.8/Tsample
Delete test results from the sampled data under abnormal
conditions:
Fading over 15~30db without reasonable causes

In tunnels
Under the viaducts
Select test routes from the main lobe coverage area if directional
antennas are adopted for a CW test.
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CONTENT
and CW Test
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Analysis of Test Data
Section 1 Data Filtering

Section 2 Data Dispersion
Section 3 Data Binning
Section 4 Format Conversion
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Data Filtering
Data to be filtered is as follows:
1. Data tested in the places where GPS is
unable to locate accurately (such as under the
overhead rack, in the tunnel).
2. Data obtained when the distance to antenna
is too near or far.
3. Data obtained with too weak signals.
4. Error data caused by inexact AP (antenna
pattern).
5. Other data inconsistent with the requirements
during the route design of CW test.
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Data Dispersion
Propagation in mobile communications can be indicated as
follows:
x L
1
r(x) = m(x)r0(x) m( x)
r ( y )dy
2L xL
X: distance
r(x): received signals

r0(x): Raileigh Fading
m(x): local mean value, the combination of long-term fading
and space propagation loss
2L: average length between sampling areas, also called
intrinsic length
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Data Dispersion
The CW test is to obtain the local mean value of each geography
location in some areas as far as possible, i.e. the difference of r(x) and
m(x) should be the minimum value. In this sense, effect of Raileigh
Fading should be excluded.
When the intrinsic length equals 40 wavelength and the number of
sampling points is 50, the difference of test data and actual local mean
value can be less than 1dB according to Lee criteria.
Intrinsic length is average length for binning (2G band is 6 m long,
namely, 40 wavelength)
Since the locating speed of GPS is far lower than the receiving
speed of the receiver, the dispersion processing is required before the

binning.
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Data Dispersion
The principle of dispersion processing is as follows:
Conditions:
There are many test records arranged under each locating
point in time sequence because the receiving speed of the
receiver is far higher than the locating speed of GPS.
The vehicle speed between two locating points is uniform.
The time interval between every two measurement records is
the same.
Processing:
Equally distribute these records to the route section between
two points in time sequence so that there will be sufficient
points in every 6m range on test route.
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Section 1 Data filtering

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Data Binning
Objectives:
Reserve the impact of slow fading but eliminate the fast

fading
Methods:
Method 1: make grids for the whole area with 6m side,

perform the arithmetic average for the data located in each
grid, and then take the grid center as the new location.
Method 2: divide the path into sections in equal interval
with 6m for each, and perform the arithmetic binning for the
data in each section to select some point for the location of
mean value.
Tool: CW Data Editor
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Format Conversion
The data format exported by Agilent E74xx Series is
X
CW_Power_List_
_Freq__Hz
CW_Power_List__A
mpl__dBm
Time
Date
Data format imported to UNET is

X
CW_Power_List__Ampl__dBm
Format conversion can be implemented manually (saved
as .dat file)
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CONTENT
and CW Test
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Section 1 Preparation
Section 2 Propagation Model
Tuning
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Preparations
Installing network planning software:
UNET is powerful planning and optimization

software and model tuning is only one of its
functional modules.
Creating a project
In UNET, perform planning and optimization

model tuning based on each project.
Importing antenna pattern file
Correctly import the antenna pattern varying with

different manufacturers
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Section 1 Preparations
Section 2 Propagation
Model Tuning
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Propagation Model Tuning Flow
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Establishing a model
Establish a standard macrocell model to be tuned.

Select the effective antenna height.
Select a calculation method of diffraction loss.
Importing data
Import CW test data file into the project.
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Map correction
GPS locating in CW test usually adopts WGS84 and UTM

projection. However, digital maps in China do not use such
projections and reference plane. Correct digital maps if CW
test data does not correspond to them.
Correction method:
Correct four parameters on rectangular coordinates

in a digital map to realize the optimal match with the
test data.
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Setting Filtering
Distance filtering:
Filter the data of which r is less than

150m or r is greater than 3000m.
Signal strength filtering:
Filter the data of which Signal is greater

than -40dBm or Signal is less than
-121dB.
Clutter filtering
Filter the Clutter in which sampling

points are less than 300.
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Parameter tuning
L=K1 + K2log(d) + K3log(Heff) + 4Diffraction

+ K5log(d)log(HTxeff) + K6(HRxeff)
+ Kclutterf(clutter)
Tune such parameters as log(d), log(Heff),

Diff, log(d)log(Heff), Hmeff and Klutter to
finally tune SPM propagation model.
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ERROR (measurement prediction)
Regression line
calculated
values for the
variable
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Correction of propagation model parameters in a city
Parameter K
Reference value
K1
23.2
K2
44.90
K3
5.83
K4
0.5
K5
-6.55
K6
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Analysis of correction results
Analyze correctness of the acquired model after correction.

Evaluate the correctness of the model with Std Dev, which
refer to the binding degree of the acquired model and actual
test environment.
Make Std Dev less than 8 as much as possible in actual
model tuning, which indicates that the tuned model and
actual test environment are well bound.
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Summary
After completing this course, you should be able

to master:
Principle and purpose of CW test
Process of CW test
Process of propagation model tuning
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Thank you
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Internal

WCDMA RNP CW Test

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd.

CW test (Continuous Wave test) is an

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd.

Principle of Radio Propagation and CW Test

Section 1 Basic Principle of Radio

Propagation Model Tuning

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd.

Radio Waveband Classification

Frequencies in different bands have different propagation characteristics.

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Generation of Electromagnetic Wave

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd.

Perpendicular incidence wave

Mountain diffraction wave

Troposphere reflection wave

Ionosphere refraction wave

Propagation of Electromagnetic Wave

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd.

Characteristics of Radio Propagation

Electric wave propagation system

LOS and NLOS

of Land Mobile Communications

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Characteristics of Radio Channels

Radio channels vary with

Shadow: obstructed by barriers

Implicit diversity uses signal processing technologies to hide

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Multipath propagation: Signals on different paths reach the receiver at

When the receiver fails to distinguish multipath signals, co-channel

Typical value (s): Open < 0.2, Suburban = 0.5, Urban = 3

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Doppler Frequency Shift

Example of Doppler effect: A train is passing by you.

Doppler frequency shift in Mobile Communications

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd.

Reflection and refraction of

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd.

Radio Propagation Environment

Radio propagation environment determines the propagation

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd.

Radio Propagation Environment

Radio environment is classified as follows, according to ITU-R P.1411-1

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Radio Propagation Environment

The corresponding cell type is as follows:

Typical antenna installation

Installed outdoors, higher than average height of

Installed outdoors, lower than average height of

Installed outdoors or indoors, lower than height of all

Type of other new cells, such as Mini-cell

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd.

Principle of Radio Propagation and CW Test

Section 1 Basic Principle of

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Radio Propagation Model

Propagation model is used to predict the

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Radio Propagation Model