Introduction

Celeste Roderno-Desingao

Psychology

Came from Greek words psyche and

logos, which literally means soul and
mind study

Scientific study of behavior and mental

processes.

Human beings are complex living systems; they have the

biological, psychological and social dimensions.

In understanding certain behavior, one should have a

holistic approach considering the three dimensions of a
human being to have a complete view of what may have
caused such behavior.

Behavior could either be overt or covert, conscious or

unconscious, rational or irrational, voluntary or
involuntary.

The goals of any psychological study are to describe,

explain and understand, predict and control behavior.

Causes of a Persons Behavior

Physiological or chemical changes in the

nervous system.

Behavior may be a response to a very

stressful experience.

Social interaction.

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
Democritus
Believed that human mind is composed
of atoms which could circulate freely
and which enabled it to penetrate the
whole body.

According to him, atoms from our

environment enter through our sense
organs enabling us to perceive the
world around us.

Plato
According to him, the mind or soul is
distinct in its own right and is Godgiven.

The soul has three parts The head

(exerts reason), the heart (for noble
impulses) and the diaphragm (seat of
our own passions)

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
Aristotle
A student of Plato, who distinguished 3 functions
of the soul: the vegetative (concerned with basic
maintenance of life; the appetitive, concerned
with motives and desires; and the rational,
governing function located in the heart.

He conceived of a common sense, one of the

mental functions which ties perception and
sensation together.

Galen
Contributed his theory of the dependence of
human temperament/nature on physiological
factors.

He correspondingly named temperaments as

sanguine (cheerful), Phlegmatic (sluggish/slow),
melancholic (sad) and choleric (irascible/irritable)

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
Rene Descartes (The Nativist
View)
This view stated the
existence of innate ideas at
birth and contested by the
Empiricist View
John Locke (The Empiricist
View)
This view stated that ideas
are acquired through
sensory experiences and
interactions with the
environment.

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
Wilhelm Wundt
He started studying sensations,
mental images and affective
states more closely.
He established the first
psychological/experimental
laboratory in Germany in order to
study these phenomena
objectively using
experimentation.
Granville Stanley Hall
Established the first
psychological laboratory in the
US.

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
Raymond Cattell
Known for designing the 16
Personality Factor
Questionnaires.
Sir Francis Galton
Studied individual
differences (1869), which
led to the development of
intelligence test.

Schools and Movements in Psychology

1. Structuralism (Edward Bradford
Titchener)
Study of mental structures
(sensation, images, emotions)
using the method of introspection
to gather data.
2. Functionalism (William James)
Primarily use the method of
observation of mental functions.
Concerned with conscious functions
of learning, perception, memory and
motivation as a way of helping the
individual adapt to the environment.

Schools and Movements in Psychology

3. Gestalt Psychology (Max
Wertheimer with Wolfgang
Kohler and Koffka)

Gestalt is a German word for

form, pattern or configuration.

The whole is greater than the sum

of its parts summarizes their view
of totality and organization of
experiences in understanding
behavior.

Schools and Movements in Psychology

4. Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud
with Jean Martin Charcot)
Used hypnosis in studying patients
suffering from hysteria.
Primarily based on the premise
that all our behavior is influenced
by the unconscious mind.
5. Behaviorism (John Watson)
Watson believed that behavior can
only be caused by anything that
can be observed and therefore be
measured.
Watson gave the concept of
Stimulus- Response (S-R)
psychology.

Schools and Movements in Psychology

Other behaviorist:
Ivan Pavlov (Classical
conditioning)

Burrhus F. Skinner
(Operant Conditioning)

Edward Thorndike
(Connectionism)

Psychology in the Philippines

17th Century Psychology was taught in University of San

Carlos in Cebu and University of Santo Tomas.

1910 Psychology was being taught at University of the

Philippines under the College of Liberal Arts, Department of
Philosophy and Psychology.

1918 Psychology was transferred from the College of

Liberal Arts to the College of Education in UP.

1959 Psychology was transferred from College of Education

to the College of Arts and Sciences in UP.

Psychology in the Philippines

September 1925 Agustin Alonzo became the first chair of the

Department of Psychology in UP (UPDP).

1970s - UPDP used bilingualism in the medium of instruction.

Psychology was taught in Filipino.

Reasons in using Filipino as medium of instruction in

Psychology:
Filipino perspective has been introduced to the course;
Realities in the Philippine setting have been brought into
focus;
The most important contribution was the development of
psychology with Filipino orientation. (Sikolohiyang Pilipino)

Filipino Psychologist

Sinforoso Padilla the first to

major in psychology from the
undergraduate to the doctorate
level.

Angel de Blas established the

Experimental Psychology
laboratory in UST

Estefania Aldaba Lim First

Filipino to receive a Ph.D. in
Clinical Psychology from the
University of Michigan.

Filipino Psychologist

Alfredo Lagmay
Chairman of UPDP for 22
years

Jaime Bulatao, S.J.

established the Department
of Psychology at the Ateneo
de Manila.

Perspective in
Psychology

1. Neurobiological Perspective

The nervous system and the endocrine system

are two body systems that have much impact on
behavior.

Continuous stimulation of the hypothalamus will

result to overeating while removal of the
hypothalamus will mean that an animal will not
eat.

Malfunction of the hypothalamus which is the

feeding system will result in conditions like bulimia
(overeating) and anorexia (loss of appetite).

2. Behavioral perspective

Behavior refers to all acts and activities of the

organism.

This gave rise to the S-R Psychology and became

the basis of most of the behavioral theories in
learning such as classical conditioning, operant
conditioning and connectionism

Food (stimulus)

Eating (response)

3. Cognitive Perspective

Cognition involves mental processes or the

internal works of the individual such as
thinking, remembering, learning, perceiving,
imagining, analyzing and the like.

According to cognitive theorists like Jean

Piaget, the mind processes incoming
stimulation, before giving its corresponding
response.

Food (stimulus) like or dislike (mental

process) Eating (response)

4. Psychodynamic Perspective

According to the theory of Sigmund Freud that

undesirable experiences of the individual are
forced out of awareness into the unconscious
mind (in dreams, slips of speech, mannerisms
and may turn out to be the cause of emotional
problems.
Freuds Structures of Personality
1. Id
2. Ego
3. Superego

Perspective in
Psychology

Freuds Structures of Personality

1.

Id

2.

First structure to develop

Behavior is geared towards pleasure (hedonistic) primarily
sexual.
Libido or sexual instinct
Immediate satisfaction without considering realities of
situation

Ego
Second structure to develop.
Abides by the existing social and cultural norms.
Control impulses of the id and seeks satisfaction in ways that
are socially and culturally acceptable.
Role: delays satisfaction until the time satisfaction is
appropriate

Freuds Structures of Personality

3.

Superego
The last personality to develop
Conscience
Which is right and wrong?
Develops at age 5, when interaction with the environment
becomes more spontaneous.
Parental discipline, rewards and punishments is very
important on the development of superego.
Forms the moral aspect of actions.
Role: restrain the impulses of the id through the ego by
making the ego feel guilt when wrong had been done to
avoid recurrence of the behavior

Perspective in Psychology
5. Phenomenological Perspective

Also known as humanistic psychology and

was developed by Abraham Maslow and Carl
Rogers.

This approach to behavior is subjective and

considers the persons concept of himself
and his experience as basis for his behavior.

The central concept here is that freewill or

the capacity to make choices for actions
which the individual thinks will help him
realized his inner potentials.

6. Socio-cultural Perspective

This is a combination of:

Social psychology- focuses primarily on

the study of group dynamics, social
roles, behavior as affected by norms and
interpersonal relationships

Cultural Psychology- focuses on lifestyle

as a product of cultural norms, values
and expectations

Perspective in Psychology
7. Evolutionary Perspective

This focuses on the biological basis of mental characteristics that all

living organisms share.

Survival of the Fittest-----This concept of species survival is what all living

organisms share. Behavior then is programmed towards achieving this
goal.

Specialization in Psychology

Biopsychology
Clinical psychology
Cognitive
Community
Comparative
Consumer
Counselling
Cultural
Developmental
Educational/Learning/School

Engineering
Environmental
Forensic
Gender
Health/Medical
Industrial-organizational
Paranormal
Personality
Sensation and Perception
Social
Sports

Methods used in Psychological Research

1.

Naturalistic Observation

Visual method of investigation wherein behavior is observed on its natural

environment.

Strength: Realistic picture of occurrence of behavior is observed

Weakness: Interpretation of results may be biased if researchers are not trained to

objectively interpret results

2.

Survey-Questionnaire

Gathering of data is indirect but structured using pretested questionnaires to group of

respondents/ samples.

Strength: Easy to administer, interpret, time-saving and economical.

Weakness: Inaccuracy of the participants responses so that nobody gets offended

(Courtesy bias)

3.

Case Study

Used for clinical purposes by observation, interviews and testing

Determines how situations/events in the past contributed to the persons present

psychological state.

Strength: Add much to the understanding of the psychological state of person based
on detailed study.

Weakness: Review of past events may be distorted due to passage of time which
may affect accuracy of interpretation

Methods used in Psychological Research

4.

Archival Research

This does not involve live objects but focus on documents and helps understand the
patterns of a person or group of persons in history.

Strength: Researcher fully comprehend how certain behaviors evolve into its
present form.

Weakness: Difficulty in obtaining data.

5.

Experimental Method

Strength: Discover the effect of one variable to another variable. (cause and effect)

Independent variables (stimulus variable) and Dependent variable (response

variable)

Experiment and Control group

Weakness: extraneous variable may affect or invalidate the result of the experiment.

6.

Correlation Method

Strength: Determine the relationship that may exist between two variables using
Pearsons r. (Value of r may range from 0 (no relationship) to +/- 1 (perfect
relationship)

Weakness: Does not prove causation but it may be used for prediction.