Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd.

, Kolkata
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Ship - The Basics

Ship is geometrically represented in three forms namely

the side view, top view, and front view of standard
drawings. In Naval Architecture these three views are
known as the body plan (transverse cuts), the sheer or
profile plan (longitudinal cuts) and the half-breadth plan
(waterlines)
The planes that are parallel to the midship section plane,
shown usually at either ten or twenty equal intervals along
the ship's length, are called station planes
The true shapes of their intersections with the hull are
referred to as stations
The intersections of the moulded surface with a vertical
plane at a given distance from the centreline of the ship,
are known as buttock lines

Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd., Kolkata

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The Three
Plans

Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd., Kolkata

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Lines Plan

Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd., Kolkata

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Ship General Terms

Table of Offsets: A table of offsets is basically a digitized

form of the lines drawing. After a ship has been designed
and its hull form determined and graphically described as
above, it is customary to set up a matrix system for
numerical calculations. This matrix, arranged in tabular
form is called the table of offsets
Location of Points Within a Ship: Because ship is a three
dimensional object, references must be established for
locating points in, on, and about the ship. The position of
any point in the ship can be described by measuring its
position from reference lines and planes
Reference Lines and Planes: The reference lines and planes
used to locate points on ships are, as follows: a) Forward Perpendicular (FP): A vertical line through the
forward extremity of the design waterline, this is the
waterline at which the ship is designed to float

Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd., Kolkata

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Ship General Terms

b) Aft Perpendicular (AP): A vertical line at or near the
stern of the ship. This passes through the aft
extremity of the design waterline (naval ships) or
through the rudder post (merchant ships)

c) Midship Section: A plane passed athwartships halfway

between the forward and the aft perpendiculars
d) Centreline: A vertical plane passing fore and aft down
the centre plane of the ship
e) Baseline: A fore-and-aft line passing through the
lowest point of the hull
f) Deck: The horizontal watertight subdivision
g) Bulkhead: A vertical partition that divides the hull into
separate compartments extending either athwartships
or fore and aft

Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd., Kolkata

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Ship Geometry

Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd., Kolkata

- 24

Equilibrium and Stability

Archimedes' principle: A body immersed in a fluid will

experience an upward force, known as buoyancy, equal to
the weight of the volume of fluid displaced
Buoyancy is the resultant of the normal pressures exerted
by the fluid on each element of the immersed bodys
surface
Buoyancy is opposed by the downward force of gravity, or
the objects weight. In order for equilibrium to exist, the
two forces must be balanced
A ship floats by enclosing large volumes of less dense
material, principally air, in a watertight skin so that its
average density is less than that of the surrounding water
Weight: The gravitational pull on a body
Displacement: An object's displacement is the weight of
the water it displaces; it represents the force of buoyancy

Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd., Kolkata

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Equilibrium and Stability

Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd., Kolkata

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Equilibrium and Stability

Lightship Weight: The weight of the ship with all its
equipment and outfit including permanent ballast (solid
and liquid), spare parts etc., water in boilers to normal
steaming lever, machinery in working condition, LO in all
machinery etc.

Deadweight: The total weight of cargo, fuel, water, stores,

passengers and crew, and their effects, which a ship can
carry
Centre of Gravity: This is the point of application of the
gravitational force on the body; i.e., the resultant of all
individual gravitational forces
Centre of Buoyancy: This is the point of application of the
buoyancy force on a body; i.e., the resultant of the
hydrostatic pressure on the body. It is calculated as the
centre of volume of the underwater part of the body
Centre of Flotation: The centre of flotation is the geometric
centre of the waterplane area of the body. Its physical

Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd., Kolkata

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External Forces
Ships, in general, inclined by various external forces, such
as:
a) Wave action, and Wind
b) Collision and Grounding
c) Shifting of onboard weights, and
d) Addition or removal of weight
Heel - The term heel is specifically applied to non-cyclic,
transient inclinations caused by forces that may be
removed or reversed quickly. (e.g. wind pressure, large
movable weights, etc.)

List - A list is a permanent, or long-term inclination, caused

by forces such as grounding or off-center weight that are
not likely to be removed suddenly
Roll - When an inclining force is suddenly removed, a ship
inclines to the opposite side and oscillates, or rolls, about

Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd., Kolkata

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Various Systems of Ship

Ship can be grouped in four separate systems. They are

a) Hull and Outfit Systems
b) Engineering or Machinery Systems
c) Electrical Systems
d) Weaponry Systems (In Naval Warships)
Hull and Outfit Systems are as follows:
a) Access such as Doors, Hatches, Manholes, Windows
etc.
b) Bulwarks, Rails, and Stanchions
c) Deck and Rigging Fittings (Anchor, Chain Cable, Davits
etc)
d) Deck Covering
e) Insulation and Lining
f) Cargo Handling (Cranes etc.)
g) Life Saving equipment

Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd., Kolkata

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Various Systems of Ship

Engineering or Machinery Systems are as follows:

a) Main Propulsion System (Engines, Gear Box, Propeller)
b) Diesel Generator
c) Steering Gear Systems
d) Bilge and Ballast Systems
e) Fuel Oil Transport Systems
f) Fresh Water Systems
g) Fire Systems
h) Cargo Systems
i)

Sanitary Systems

j)

Ventilation Systems

k) Airconditioning Systems