Chapter

FIVE

Personality and
Values

2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

What
What is
is Personality?
Personality?

Personality
PersonalityDeterminants
Determinants

Genetics
Genetics
Environment
Environment
Situation
Situation

42

The
The Myers-Briggs
Myers-Briggs Type
Type Indicator
Indicator
Most widely-used instrument in the world.
Participants are classified on four axes to
determine one of 16 possible personality types,
such as ENTJ.

Extroverted (E) vs. Introverted (I)

Sensing (S) vs. Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T) vs. Feeling (F)
Judging (J) vs. Perceiving (P)

4-3

The
The Types
Types and
and Their
Their Uses
Uses
Each of the sixteen possible combinations
has a name, for instance:
Visionaries (INTJ) are original, stubborn and
driven.
Organizers (ESTJ) realistic, logical, analytical
and businesslike.
Conceptualizer (ENTP) entrepreneurial,
innovative, individualistic and resourceful.

Research results on validity mixed.

MBTI is a good tool for self-awareness and
counseling.
Should not be used as a selection test for job
candidates.
4-4

The
The Big
Big Five
Five Model
Model of
of Personality
Personality Dimensions
Dimensions
Extroversion
Sociable, gregarious, and assertive
Agreeableness
Good-natured, cooperative, and trusting
Conscientiousness
Responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized
Emotional Stability
Calm, self-confident, secure under stress (positive),
versus nervous, depressed, and insecure under
stress (negative)
Openness to Experience
Curious, imaginative, artistic, and sensitive

4-5

 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

Other
Other Personality
Personality Traits
Traits Relevant
Relevant to
to OB
OB
Core Self Evaluation
Bottom line conclusions individuals have about their
capabilities, competence and worth as a person
Machiavellianism
The degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains
emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means
Narcissism
The tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of selfimportance, require excessive admiration, and have a sense of
entitlement
Self Monitoring
Individuals ability to adjust his or her behavior to external,
situational factors
Proactive Personality
People who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action,
and preserve until meaningful changes occurs

4-7

Values
Values
Definition: Mode of conduct or end state is personally
or socially preferable (i.e., what is right & good)
Terminal Values
Desirable End States

Instrumental Values
The ways/means for achieving ones terminal values

Value System: A hierarchy based on a ranking of

an individuals values in terms of their intensity.

Note: Values Vary by followers

2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

Importance
Importance of
of Values
Values
Provide understanding of the attitudes,
motivation, and behaviors of individuals and
cultures.
Influence our perception of the world around us.
Represent interpretations of right and wrong.
Imply that some behaviors or outcomes are
preferred over others.

2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

Types
Types of
of Values
Values - Rokeach
Rokeach Value
Value Survey
Survey
Terminal Values
Desirable end-states of
existence; the goals that a
person would like to achieve
during his or her lifetime.

Instrumental Values
Preferable modes of
behavior or means of
achieving ones terminal
values.
2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

Values
Valuesin
in
the
the
Rokeach
Rokeach
Survey
Survey

Source: M. Rokeach, The Nature of Human

Values (New York: The Free Press, 1973).
E X H I B I T 4-3
E X H I B I T 4-3

2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

Values
Valuesin
in
the
the
Rokeach
Rokeach
Survey
Survey
(contd)
(contd)

Source: M. Rokeach, The Nature of Human

Values (New York: The Free Press, 1973).
E X H I B I T 4-3 (contd)
E X H I B I T 4-3 (contd)

2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

Mean
MeanValue
ValueRankings
Rankingsof
of
Executives,
Executives,Union
Union
Members,
Members,and
andActivists
Activists
Source: Based on W. C. Frederick and J. Weber, The Values of
Corporate Managers and Their Critics: An Empirical Description and
Normative Implications, in W. C. Frederick and L. E. Preston (eds.)
Business Ethics: Research Issues and Empirical Studies (Greenwich,
CT: JAI Press, 1990), pp. 12344.
E X H I B I T 4-4
E X H I B I T 4-4

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Personality
Personality Job
Job Fit
Fit Theory
Theory
A theory that identifies six personality types and
proposes that the fit between personality type
and occupational environmental determines
satisfaction and turnover

2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

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Values
Values across
across Cultures:
Cultures: Hofstedes
Hofstedes
Framework
Framework

Power Distance
Individualism vs. Collectivism
Masculinity vs. Femininity
Uncertainty Avoidance
Long-term and Short-term orientation

2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

Hofstedes
Hofstedes Framework
Framework for
for Assessing
Assessing Cultures
Cultures
Power Distance
The extent to which a society accepts
that power in institutions and
organizations is distributed unequally.
Low distance: relatively equal power
between those with status/wealth and
those without status/wealth
High distance: extremely unequal
power distribution between those with
status/wealth and those without
status/wealth
2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

Hofstedes
Hofstedes Framework
Framework (contd)
(contd)
Individualism
The degree to which
people prefer to act
as individuals rather
than a member of
groups.

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Vs.

Collectivism
A tight social
framework in which
people expect others in
groups of which they
are a part to look after
them and protect
them.

Hofstedes
Hofstedes Framework
Framework (contd)
(contd)
Masculinity
The extent to which
the society values work
roles of achievement,
power, and control,
and where
assertiveness and
materialism are also
valued.

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Vs.

Femininity
The extent to
which there is little
differentiation
between roles for
men and women.

Hofstedes
Hofstedes Framework
Framework (contd)
(contd)
Uncertainty Avoidance
The extent to which a society feels
threatened by uncertain and ambiguous
situations and tries to avoid them.
High Uncertainty Avoidance:
Society does not like
ambiguous situations & tries to
avoid them.
Low Uncertainty Avoidance:
Society does not mind
ambiguous situations &
embraces them.
2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

Hofstedes
Hofstedes Framework
Framework (contd)
(contd)
Long-term Orientation
A national culture
attribute that
emphasizes the
future, economy, and
persistence.

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Vs.

Short-term Orientation
A national culture
attribute that
emphasizes the present
and the here and now.

Memory
Memory Check
Check

Which one of the following is not one of the five

cultural dimensions identified by Hofstede?

Optimism
Long term orientation
Individualism
Power distance

2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.