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BACKWASHING
A. Amirtharajah
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, GA 30332
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Particle Removal
Improve taste, appearance
Sorbed metals and pesticides
Pathogens: bacteria, viruses, protozoa
Multiple-Barrier Concept
chemical addition
watershed
protection
direct filtration
sedimentation
filtration
disinfection
raw water
screen
coagulation
flocculation
waste sludge
backwash recycle
waste sludge
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distribution
system
2. Backwashing:
Detachment
Mechanisms of Filtration
particle, dp
transport
attachment
collector, dc
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fluid streamline
detachment
c
u
0 . . . . (1)
z t
c
c
. . . . (2)
z
Ives:
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o 1
1 1
1 o
o
u
Trajectory Theory
dp
dc
Viruses
0.01 -0.025 m
dc
dc
Bacteria
0.2 - 1 m
Cryptosporidium
3 - 5 m
Diffusion
Sedimentation
dp < 1 m
dp > 1 m
Interception
Giardia
6 - 10 m
dc
1.5
D G I c
dz
dc
Mintz:
c
a
o c
z
u
c
Ginn et al.:
a d c
z
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Ao
n (#/mL m)
1.0E+7
1.0E+6
1.0E+5
1.0E+4
1.0E+3
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
n (d p ) = A 0 (d p )-
1.0E+0
0.1
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dp (m)
10
100
3.5
n =11
n =11
2.5
n =22
2
Raw water
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Coagulated
water
Filtered water
Effluent Turbidity
Backwash remnants
TB
above in
media media
TM
Function
Clean
backwash
Media
of influent
TU
Strainer
Filter
breakthrough
TU
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TM
TB
Time
TR
mol /L
Log (Al) Zeta Potential
Alum - mg/L
as Al 2(SO 4)314.3H 2O
pH of Mixed Solution
1
0
0
2
+
3
0
-4
.5
Log[Al]-m
ol/L
-5
.5
-6
.5
-7
.5
-8
.5
3
C
h
a
rg
e
N
e
u
tra
liza
tio
n
A
l(O
H
)
R
e
sta
b
iliza
tio
nZ
o
n
e
(b
o
u
n
d
a
rie
sv
a
ryw
ith
d
iff
e
re
n
tw
a
te
rs)
A
l TO
T
A
L
4
1
0
S
w
e
e
p
C
o
a
g
u
la
tio
n
5
6
p
H
o
fM
ix
e
dS
o
lu
tio
n
0
.3
9
Alum-m
g/L
-3
.5
Filter coefcient ()
Filter
Ripening
Effective
Filtration
Turbidity
Breakthrough
Time
Wormhole
Flow
Question:
Why is it easier to remove alum or clay
particles in contrast to polymer coated
particles or micro-organisms during
backwash?
Fv =
- 1
6z z
a
z
kT
Fe = - 64 a
Ze
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Ze1
Ze2
tanh
tanh
exp z
4kT
4kT
Fb = -
Aa 6
180z 8
Structural Forces
Hydration Force:
Hydrophobic Force:
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z
Fh = - 2 aKh exp -
h
z
FH = aC exp -
D
Backwashing Filters
Weakness of fluidization backwash
Improvement due to surface wash
Collapse-pulsing air scour
V
%
Vmf
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Equation
Applicable range of Qa
Sand
Anthracite
Dual Media
GAC
GAC-Sand
2
2
Clay
Bacteria
0
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10
Biofiltration
Ozonation
Microbial counts in effluent
Head loss
Effect of biocides
Particle removal
Repulsion
Energy barrier
Distance
Attraction
Bacterial Adhesion
Release of extracellular
polymeric substances at
secondary minimum
Primary minimum
Secondary
minimum
60
50
HPC
Turbidity
10
40
30
104
20
10
103
0
0
Turbidity (NTU)
70
106
Backwashing Biofilters
Collapse-pulsing air scour
Cleans better
No deleterious effect
Pathogenic Protozoa
Low infective doses
Resistant to chlorine disinfection
Analytical techniques
Outbreaks of Cryptosporidiosis
Particle Counts
Continuous on-line monitoring
Low operating costs
High sensitivity
Detachment of aggregates
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Log Removal of
Cryptosporidium
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
Concluding Statement
In the multiple-barrier concept,
filtration is the great barrier to
particles, parasites and organics.
References
Amirtharajah, A., Some Theoretical and Conceptual Views
Acknowledgments
This paper includes the work of several former
students at Georgia Tech:
M.S. students T.M. Ginn, L. Zeng and X. Wang
and Ph.D students, Drs. P. Raveendran, R.
Ahmad, K.E. Dennett and T. Mahmood.
They were not only students but teachers too!
Their work is acknowledged with gratitude.
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