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LEVELING
Definitions
An elevation of a point : The vertical distance between the point and the
reference level surface ( datum )
,the most commonly used datum is the mean sea level (MSL ) .
Leveling : The process by which the elevation of a point above or bellow
the MSL or the elevation difference between points is determined, There are
several ways to do that:
A- Chain surveying: by measuring the slope distance and angle of inclination
B- Barometric leveling: by measuring the atmospheric pressure using
barometer or an altimeter.
C- Trigonometric Leveling: by measuring the horizontal or slope distance
between points and the vertical angle ( an elevation or zenith ).
D- Differential Leveling: by using an instrument called a level .
Bench Mark ( BM) : well marked points whose elevation has been accurately
measured.
Level line: a line perpendicular to the direction of gravity at all points.
2.56
Line of collimation
0.93
0.64
A
Line of collimation
2.97
C
Line of collimation
0.93
0.64
B
Line of collimation
2.97
C
HAB = HB HA = RA - RB
General Procedure:
The main purpose is to provide RL for a large number of points, such as the center line
of highway, or an area to produce a contour plan, this will be illustrated through the
following example of production longitudinal section (profile ) of a road.
Calculations
:A- The Height of Instrument ( HI ) method
:Checks
of BS reading = # of FS reading = 2- # 1
BS - FS= RL last point RL first point(3.450 2.231 = 99.979 98.760=1.219)- 2
8 + 1) = of TP) + (# of points ) = (# of readings = 9- ( # 3
Sum of all RL excluding the first reduced level = sum of the HI for each setup- 4
multiplied by the number of IS and FS readings taken from that setup sum of IS
sum of FS 689.741 =)FS =2.231()IS=7.595( )699.567 = 3100.625 + 499.423(= 689.741
:Checks
of BS = # of FS = 2- # 1
)of TP = 1 ) + ( # of points = 8 ) = ( # of readings = 9-( # 2
1.219 ) = 3.450 2.231) = (BS - FS- ( 3
1.219) = 3.079 1.860) = ( R - F = (
1.219 ) = 99.979 98.760) = ( RL last - RL1st = (
General Notes
1- The accuracy of RL depend on both calculations & correct measurements( staff readings)
To ensure accurate elevations of the level points, the field work should start at BM and
close at another known BM, or should go back and close at the starting point .
2- If the purpose of leveling is to find out the elevation difference between two points, no
intermediate sights are necessary, only BS & FS readings are made.
3- The BS & FS distances should be approximately equal to avoid errors.
4- IF possible staff readings should be made to the nearest mm at TP, and to the nearest cm
at other points.
5- TP points should be chosen on firm ground. On soft ground, a special triangular base is
used.
6- IF the point whose elevation is to be calculated lie above the level of the sight line like
a bridge or a ceiling or top of wall or column, then the staff reading is recorded in negative.
7- If the BM point is the last point, then use the equation ( BS - FS= RL lastRL1st ) to
calculate the RL of first point But if the BM lie in the middle of level chain, then calculate
the RL of last point ,and after that use the previous equation to calculate the RL of first
point and complete the calculations in the normal way.
:Example
Using the data in the following figure, calculate the RL of points: A, B, C, D, using
both of R & F and HI methods
of BS = # of FS = 2- # 1
1.52 & (R - F)=(3.38-4.90) = -1.52)=-0.67-0.85)=(-BS - FS- (2
1.52) = -498.48 500.00( )= RL last RL1st
&(
RL excluding first RL = 501.13 + 503.38 + 498.48 = 1502.99- 3
)IS=-3.52) - (FS=0.85) (1500.32 = 2 499.86 + 1 500.6
=(
1502.99 =
Uses of Leveling
1- Longitudinal Sections: (center line of a railway, road, canal, sewer or water main)
Levels are taken at:
1- every 20m, 50m or 100m depending on the topography (for earthworks computations,
A spacing of 20m is common.
2- points at which gradient changes, and at streets intersections.
Notes:
Staff readings to 0.01 m accuracy are generally adequate
Common scale for roads works are 1/1000 for horizontal ( Distances )
& 1/100 for vertical ( levels or elevations ).
Points are connected by straight lines on the profile.
:Cross-Sections- 2
Some Engineering works require that cross sections be taken at right angles to
the center line of a proposed or existing project such as a road.
The width of these of sections are taken 15 m either side of the center for
a normal road.
A scale of 1/50 or 1/100 is used for both horizontal and vertical axes.
:contouring- 3
Definitions:
A contour: is an imaginary line connecting points on the ground that have the
same elevation.
Contour Interval ( CI ): The vertical distance or elevation difference between two
successive contours.
Characteristics of Contours
1- Closely contours represent a steep slope, but spaced far contours
represent a flat slope.
2- Contours of different values do not cross each other except in a cave, nor
do they merge except in a vertically standing surface such as a wall.
3- A single contour can not split into two contours of the same value, and
must be a closed circuit not necessary in limits of the contour plan.
4- Irregular contours represent a rough and uneven terrain.
5- contours are perpendicular to the direction of the steepest slope.
6- A hill or depression are represented by closed lines.
Factors affecting choice of contour intervals:
1- Contour plan scale: The larger scale is the smaller contour interval.
2- The importance and purpose of a contour plan : for more details, a small
contour interval is used.
3- Accuracy, time and cost : For higher accuracy, a smaller interval is used.
4- The topography of the ground : For steep ground a large contour interval
is used, but for flat ground a small contour interval is used.
5- The area covered by the plan: For larger areas, a large contour interval is
used.
Methods of Contouring
1- Griding : This method is suitable for flat terrain of small sites ,rectangles or squares of
10 to 20m side are set out on the ground
A1
B
C
D
10-20m
E
10-20m
,The reduced levels of corners are plotted as a grid on a plan with suitable scale
. Then the required contour lines are plotted by a process called linear interpolation
X / 12 = ( 1 / 3 )
X= (1 / 3)12 = 4m
:Radiating Lines-2
Rays are set out on the ground from a central point, and levels are taken along
these rays at measured distance from the center, and linear interpolation is
used to give the contour lines.
Example
TO check a level for the existence of collimation error, the level was set up mid-way
between A and B and the following two staff readings were taken:1.92m at A and
1.40m at B. The level was then moved to another position and the readings as
in the following figure. Is there a collimation error ? If the answer is yes, then
calculate the angle of inclination of the line of sight from the horizontal, as well
as correct readings that should have been taken at A & B in the second setup if
there was no collimation error?
:For setup 1
H1 = (correct)=1.921.40=0.52m
H2 = 1.75 - 1.20 = 0.55 m
H1 H2
there is a collimation error
tan(5823) )1.20 - 1.75 =( 0.52
= 0 2 57
Correct reading at A (m) = 1.75 58 tan = 1.70 m
Correct reading at B (m) = 1.20 23 tan = 1.18 m
:Check
H = 1.70 1.18 = 0.52 m = H1
:Reciprocal leveling
Setup the level at point C (first setup a), about 2 to 3 m. from A and take- 1
the readings a1 at A and b1 at B
( H1 = a1 b1 )
: Move the level to point D where ( AC = BD ) .Take the readings- 2
a2 at A and b2 at B
( H2 = a2 b2 )
H =( H1 + H2 ) / 2 =( ( a1 b1 ) + ( a2 b2 ) ) / 2- 3
ex: IF RLA = 917.34 m & a1 = 1.44m (BS) & b1 = 1.90m (FS) & a2 = 1.80m (BS)
?b2 = 2.34m (FS), what is the elevation of point B &
H AB =((1.44 1.90) + (1.80 2.34)) / 2 = -0.50 m
.The elevation of B (HB) = HA + H AB = 917.34 + (-0.50) = 916.84 m
Closure error